Goudsblom, Johan

REMI COTE 960312.1720

To Martin Taylor 960308 14:40
Sorry for that 5 day delay.

It seem that we are stuck with the chiken-egg problem from the beginning
of this gratifing exchange of post. Usualy these poblem are solve in
saying that it is neither the chiken nor the egg that came first, it is
the amoeba... So the process of how history evolve (phaseology) is important.
Let's not forget also the principal problem of our exchange.

We discussed if an environement can have a bad effect on control system, if
control system can have a state of hight stress, and if it is o.k.
to say that anxiety can be assimilated to big error or difference between
reference and input, all this on the higher level of the system. Like
the experiment in Boston (I heard it from somebody (B.P. in july 94))
where experimenty's were asked to control variable more and more
difficult to control, and their blood pressure rised, I unfortunately
don't have the exact reference, but I've seen the same experiment
using stoop task, and using mental calculus).

So if you agree basically that anxiety,worry,antagonism, aggressivity
are all parent with this condition of sustained big error between input
and reference at high level, press 1.
If Your not pressing one, it is very important that you tell me.
Maybe I misuse some term, please tell me and I will adapt.

If you don't and instead keep telling me that you don't understand
it is going to be frustrating for both of us. You will set the
rule (since you are on the bord of IJHCS), you will tell me the
term to use, categorise it for me.

Of course we can play dictionnary together, why not I will learn from
this process. But if you take all these word (anxiety, worry, aggressivity)
in a fussy set of thing that are associate with error (diff. between input
and reference at high level) or with any concept or term you want and
then we can go on a next stage of discussion.

What is the question then (a reminder):
We want to know or to think about the plausibility that a technological
environement can have "bad" side effect on human control system that
are not present in natural environement.
bad=more aggressivity, antagonism, worry than a natural environement
natural environement= not contaminated with technology

You:
No problem that controlling fire _enables_ the differentiation
of humanity from other primates (along with language, which may be one thing
that enables fire control).

Me: According to Goudsblom theory, language wouldn't have appeared if it
wasn't a necessity. If it wasn't an advantage for hominid or pre-hominid
to develop it, we would not have develop it. Do you agree? Do you agree
also that without fire, and the technological world that was enabled by
fire and fire only, the usage of a complex language (more complex that
the babling of whale, and other sea mamal) would had only be an inconvenient
for the species? That is a lot of question.
For me, a good theory is one that generate a lot of question. (Problem finding,
problem solving, and creativity, Mark A. Runco, Editor 1994, ablex pub. corp.)

You:

One might ask, supposing the plausible story is true, whether it is not
humanities "increased aggession" that led to the discovery of weaponry
rather than the reverse. Your response is simply to assert that it

_must_ be true, because if not: Else you are forced (logically) to
link positively complexity of brain with aggression. Conscience
(awareness) with agression (...)As I understand aggression, there are
many aggressive species of animal, and many that are not aggressive,
in all brain sizes.

Me: Do you agree that human animal are different from the rest of living
creature in their amount of agressivity and in their brain complexity.
Some mamal are less agressive than some bird, yes, but the question I did
ask underneath my comment was:"do you link brain complexity with agressivity?"
Your answer seem to be "no".

You:
I interpret what is externally observed as "aggression" to be a manifestation
of relatively high gain control systems. They work hard to attain their
goals, and in particular they work hard against conflicting control systems.
I suggest the possibility that it is the aggressive primate that is more
likely to discover fire--and if that aggressive primate can also talk,
more likely to pass the knowledge on to other members of the group,
and to following generations.

Me: Chiken-egg infinite loop. To be avoided. The goal of our game is to
find explanation to what we can observe. I wanted to explain why some human
are more agressive than any other animal individual of any species.
Technology is a generator, it crystallise our exchange with the world.
It gave a dichotomic color to our experience. Tecknology bring a lot
of do's and don't, extreme condition of social dependance, complexify
the code of our interpersonal relation, example: apogee of "society de
cours" court society, brought by the reing of Louis 14 in France, where
hypocrisis and flattering manner became the do's...

You saying that agressivity are what the species need do be more competitive.
In a social species like our aggressivity is not a good assert for survival.
Even once fire is domesticated.

I will redefine agressivity, because if we want to progress, we will have to.
I may have write that agressivity was brought by technology. What I had
in mind then, is black and white image of WW2 documentary, Aushwitch, mass
murder, mushroom cloud. If I look at the overt society of these years (30'-40')
I would'nt have foud a lot of sign of aggressivity, people walking in the
street, respectuous of law and order. Some even push to limits of conformity,
the extreme of non-agression. One man alone may bear 40% of the responsability
of the events of WW2, Hitler. This guy is a lot responsible to the event.
May be he was crasy, but the point is that technology allow this man to cause
and contruct (with the help of his follower) a great disaster. Without teck
we would'nt had to face nuclear threat from china today... As I said
there woudn't be any human today without fire...

Maybe we are all a bit more nervous and agressive in a teck world too. Why:
A teck world imply a dependance. A chinese soldier is forced to obey to
captain order. It is not because he like it, he ois dependant from the
system. He is forced to control certain variable. (here some tangential
insight: maybe one day we would have to discuss about Festinger consonnance)
Maybe, he is realy cool inside himself, like WW2 Kamikase, completely brainwash
by his leader: "you are not dying, you belong to the heros, you are god, etc"...
imagine the waco, or neonazi rubbish, amplified by number of soldier (millions)
You end up with the only logical explanation for this buildup, technology.

Technology allow the language, the logistic, the sophisticated weapon, the
intelligence, the propaganda. In a teck-free environement, all this is totally
impossible.

Aggressivity is possible and "normal" in living control system. It appear when
high gain are necessary. What I am saying is that if you take two group of 1
million human in two different but warm, lively planet where life is possible
and confortable without technology. One teck-contaminated and one teck-free,
and observe and codified human behavior according to criteria defining agressivity,
for a period of 100 years. I am pretty sure that a teck-free environement
would leave less agressivity. I intend to fill some paper and apply for a grant
regarding this project.

What will be the result of this 100 years experiment? (according to you)_

···

----------------
You:
Technology _supplies_ force. That's basically its function. Steam engines
are a lot more powerful than muscle. Technology can also enhance perception,
allowing us to see things that are smaller, further away, in different
spectral ranges, etc, etc. Either way, technology enhances and extends
the possibilities for control.

Me: Sometimes, teck can be an enemy, because you trust it, and bang
it break, and then you have to pay for repair, find a substitute
(like R. Marken in 1994 when he decided not to wait for lousy paper
work undone by a clerk at some computer rental company), Finding a
substitute can be stressfull, and the more there are illusion of
confidence and control given by more and more technology, the more
there are chances that we fall in a situation (stressful) of finding
a substitute. Same with a job or for the soldier, he either do
what he's order to do, or he found a substitute for his job, or he
himself became a substitute (being shot for trahison his organ
are transplanted trouhout the civilised world).

You:
Your answer deals neither with the banker I described nor with
the gatherer I described.

Me: According to my umble expertise, Gatherer didn't exist the way
you describe it. They didn't know about anything else than the
pleasure to eat, when they where hungry. They eat anything eatable
in a tree then move on to another one... From one bone pit to another.
No stress there, sunshine, sex, sports. No calculation, like little
bird, we flew from one tree bunch to another, no worrying, no
antagonising, every one was necessary, had a role (like a broadway role)
Life was fun, enjoyable. (according to my expertise!)

You:
Then in HPCT worry has to be associated with something like the "program level"
of perception. Species that don't have program level control will not worry.

Me: Are you sure of this. Worry is synonimous of anxiety, nervousness.
I once killed a northern pike with a short bat. I was anxious, yes, but
the fish was anxious too. On my first hit, I guess I miss the brain...
I was still holding him or it (depending if you read the life of St-Francois)
I felt his nervousness. I was worrying, or not, depending on your definition.
The fourth hit was the good one, then I had a beer (how gross).

For me worry is synonimous of stress, anxiety, correlate with the fight or
flight response, correllate with high blood pressure. I heard something
like that on a video that D. Forsell send to me for a really reasonnable
price. C S G Annual conference of 1994.

One Last question. How do you explain the anxiety and or difficulty
generated by the stroop task, in PCT term?

REMI

oop task, in PCT term?

REMI

[Martin Taylor 960314 14:10]

REMI COTE 960312.1720

So if you agree basically that anxiety,worry,antagonism, aggressivity
are all parent with this condition of sustained big error between input
and reference at high level, press 1.
If Your not pressing one, it is very important that you tell me.

I'm not sure. It seems to me that these are four questions, each of which
might have, and probably should have, a different answer.

Maybe I misuse some term, please tell me and I will adapt.

I don't think that is likely to be the source of any problem. Let's speculate.

We seem to have different opinions about "worry." I take "worry" to be
related to an imagined future, in particular to the possibility that
there may be a future discrepancy between the reference and actual values
for some perception. One may be well-fed and satisfied (zero error) right
now, but "worry" that next week the food may run out. So "worry" is not
related to a present sustained big error.

"Anxiety" seems to me to be less focussed than worry. I'm not sure what to
think about anxiety in a PCT context. It seems to me that one can have a
diffuse feeling of anxiety without it being related to anything in particular,
except that something is going to be more wrong than it now is. So in that
sense, anxiety, like worry, is a matter of future imagined error rather than
error now.

"Antagonism" is related to conflict with another person. The perceptual
error is more related to the person than to the overt conflict. But it's
a poorly defined term. There clearly is a "now" error between some reference
and the corresponding perception, and the opponent is acting so as to
increase (or at least to prevent you reducing) that error. But this is
just a statement that there is a conflict, and one can easily have conflict
without antagonism. It seems to me that there is a different reference
perception associated with "antagonism," and that reference is to see
the opponent hurt or damaged in some way, regardless of whether that
brings about an end to the initiating conflict. As I said, I'm rather
unclear about the place of "antagonism" within PCT.

"Aggressivity" seems not to relate to error at all. It relates to system
gain. When there is even a small error between perception and reference,
in any of a large number of perceptions, the output action is more than
ordinarily strong. A very strong action to counter small error is an
indicator of high loop gain, so I would equate "aggressivity" with a
high gain in a large number of individual control systems. If the high
gain were in only a few elementary control units, it would signify a
precisely directed "caring", perhaps to the level of an obsession.
"Aggressivity" could (heavy speculation here) be related to a high (or
low) level of some hormone or other chemical in the bloodstream or elsewhere
in the neural environment. It would be something that could have an
intrinsic (genetically controlled) reference level, a level that could
have been changed by a mutation or by augmented replication of some
relevant gene.

What is the question then (a reminder):
We want to know or to think about the plausibility that a technological
environement can have "bad" side effect on human control system that
are not present in natural environement.
bad=more aggressivity, antagonism, worry than a natural environement
natural environement= not contaminated with technology

Me: According to Goudsblom theory, language wouldn't have appeared if it
wasn't a necessity.

According to PCT theory, abilities appear more or less at random, and are
sustained if they are helpful in controlling perceptions. If they aren't
helpful, they may be retained or they may be disrupted and changed over
time. At the moment, it may be a necessity that we have sensing systems
for high-level radiation. Does Goudsblom tell us how the necesssity for
such a sensor can be turned into this kind of sensing ability, using as
an example the way that language "appeared" because it was a necessity,
even though nobody had any prior notions of language?

Personally, I like the PCT approach better than saying "God will provide
what is necessary, and we will know that it was necessary because God
provided it."

If it wasn't an advantage for hominid or pre-hominid
to develop it, we would not have develop it. Do you agree?

No. If it was neither an advantage nor a disadvantage, its development
would follow a kind of random walk, possibly increasing, possibly dying
away. But there is a clear advantage in being able to say things like
"The danger is a snake" as opposed to "the danger is a lion" (as baboon
guards do when they alert the main pack), or to say "Joe go around the
back and Bob to the right; I'll take this side and we'll drive the beast
over the cliff." Animals that can communicate this kind of stuff--and that
share out the benefits after the hunt--have a clear advantage over similar
animals that can't collaborate in this way.

Do you agree
also that without fire, and the technological world that was enabled by
fire and fire only, the usage of a complex language (more complex that
the babling of whale, and other sea mamal) would had only be an inconvenient
for the species?

No. See above.

Me: Do you agree that human animal are different from the rest of living
creature in their amount of agressivity and in their brain complexity.

Brain complexity, yes. I have no data on species agressivity, but there
are some species I would prefer not to expose myself to. Being charged
by a black rhino isn't much fun, even if you are in a Land Rover.

I interpret what is externally observed as "aggression" to be a manifestation
of relatively high gain control systems. They work hard to attain their
goals, and in particular they work hard against conflicting control systems.
I suggest the possibility that it is the aggressive primate that is more
likely to discover fire--and if that aggressive primate can also talk,
more likely to pass the knowledge on to other members of the group,
and to following generations.

Me: Chiken-egg infinite loop. To be avoided.

How so "chicken-egg"? I am supposing a genetic drift in our ancestors that
generically increased their sensitivity to error. According to PCT, this
would result either in their controlling more precisely or in their
reorganizing faster (i.e. trying more and more novel ways of dealing with
preceptual error). Animals that try novel things are the ones that will
find novel solutions (and are the ones that will die of their curiosity,
too).

I wanted to explain why some human
are more agressive than any other animal individual of any species.

Assuming it's true. You propose it as a problem that demands an answer
different from the obvious answer that across related species and across
individuals within any species there are ranges of "aggressivity." Think
about dogs, or if their domestication rules them out, think about different
kinds of bear, or of cat.

Technology is a generator, it crystallise our exchange with the world.

Technology provides power. Power extends the influence any one control
system can have on the world. It frees and extends, makes more fluid, the
possibilities we have for control. That's the opposite of crystallizing
our exchanges with the world. Where it crystallizes is in what you say
later:

Tecknology bring a lot
of do's and don't, extreme condition of social dependance, complexify
the code of our interpersonal relation,

Yes, the crystallization is in the interpersonal relations, and it is that
aspect I addressed in my very first reply to you. If you remember, I used
the term "range of perturbation" in respect of the effect of technology. The
enhanced _power_ of technology increases the number of people influenced
by any action you do, and increases the amount by which any one person
is influenced. It is also likely to increase the _proportion_ of your
influence on the world that is in side effects. All of which can be handled
by increasing the rigidity of social convention, or by reducing overall
control system gains (tolerating rather than countering the disturbances
due to the actions of other people). I don't see any other obvious ways
to handle the problem, although one has to note the increased degrees of
freedom for control that are provided by technology. That tends to reduce
the perturbation.

You saying that agressivity are what the species need do be more competitive.

I don't know when I said that, or what I said that leads to such a
conclusion.

In a social species like our aggressivity is not a good assert for survival.
Even once fire is domesticated.

Survival of whom? If you are a member of a street gang, you don't survive
very long if you are not aggressive. Likewise if you are a wolf.

I will redefine agressivity, because if we want to progress, we will have to.
I may have write that agressivity was brought by technology. What I had
in mind then, is black and white image of WW2 documentary, Aushwitch, mass
murder, mushroom cloud.

You are talking about the ability of a few people to use a very large amount
of power in controlling their own perceptions. Such power can overwhelm the
efforts of less powerful people to control, but it doesn't necessarily
indicate greater aggressivity, or even antagonism. My impression is that
the people who use such power do not have any particular reference perceptions
relating to the perceived welfare of other people, or if they do, the
internal conflict is such that these "other people" perception controls are
overwhelmed.

One man alone may bear 40% of the responsability
of the events of WW2, Hitler. This guy is a lot responsible to the event.
May be he was crasy, but the point is that technology allow this man to cause
and contruct (with the help of his follower) a great disaster. Without teck
we would'nt had to face nuclear threat from china today...

Yes. That's the point about the "range of perturbation." Without technology,
Hitler (read Attilla, Alexander) could affect a far smaller number of people
than can whoever has the button on an ICBM. With less technology than
Alexander had, one New Guinea village can war on another, but the result
usually doesn't affect me.

Maybe we are all a bit more nervous and agressive in a teck world too. Why:
A teck world imply a dependance. A chinese soldier is forced to obey to
captain order. It is not because he like it, he ois dependant from the
system. He is forced to control certain variable.

Technically speaking, within PCT, there is no "forced to." The chinese
soldier is controlling various perceptions for which there will be less
error if he obeys the captain's order. He "likes it" better if he obeys
than if he doesn't.

imagine the waco, or neonazi rubbish, amplified by number of soldier (millions)
You end up with the only logical explanation for this buildup, technology.

I really don't like arguments that run "the only logical explanation for
X is Y." No matter what X and Y might be, there is an infinite range of
logical possibilities. I do like arguments of the kind "the only explanation
I can think of for X is Y."

Here's another "logical" (actually "plausible" is better than "logical"
when we are not dealing with mathematical explanations) explanation for
the buildup of technology: Each new technology or improvement on an old
technology enhances the accuracy or the range of control of some perceptions,
at least until an "opponent" acquires a countervailing technology. An
"opponent" is a control system that is using the same CEV as corresponds
to one of your own controlled perceptions--someone with whom you are in
conflict. Increased accuracy or range of control implies better control
of your own perceptions, and therefore slower reorganization. We stick
with what has worked. At the same time, your improved control is likely
to cause increased disturbances to other people, not only your "opponent."
Their reorganization rates increase, and they are likely to acquire or to
develop counter-technology, reducing your accuracy of control...

What I am saying is that if you take two group of 1
million human in two different but warm, lively planet where life is possible
and confortable without technology. One teck-contaminated and one teck-free,
and observe and codified human behavior according to criteria defining agressivity,
for a period of 100 years. I am pretty sure that a teck-free environement
would leave less agressivity.

Less conflict, I would imagine, because of a smaller range of perturbation.
Happier people? I doubt it. I'd be unhappy with a long-lasting toothache,
which couldn't be fixed because of a lack of technology.

I intend to fill some paper and apply for a grant regarding this project.

How would you approach the problem?

I once killed a northern pike with a short bat. I was anxious, yes, but
the fish was anxious too. On my first hit, I guess I miss the brain...
I was still holding him or it (depending if you read the life of St-Francois)
I felt his nervousness.

Are you sure you did not just feel the output actions of the fish that had
a reference perception relating to swimming away, a perception that could
not be produced by any of the fish's actions?

One Last question. How do you explain the anxiety and or difficulty
generated by the stroop task, in PCT term?

Conflict.

Must rush. A colleague came to ask why I was not at the meeting we set up
to start half an hour ago.

Martin