# INTROCSG.NET, UPDATED

**URL:** <http://discourse.iapct.org/t/introcsg-net-updated/5464>\
**Category:** CSG1995\
**Created:** [December 29, 1995, 6:37am UTC](http://discourse.iapct.org/t/introcsg-net-updated/5464 "1995-12-29T06:37:04Z")\
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**Post date:** [December 29, 1995, 6:37am UTC](http://discourse.iapct.org/t/introcsg-net-updated/5464/1 "1995-12-29T06:37:04Z")

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[INTROCSG.NET](http://INTROCSG.NET)

This file is posted every month to CSGnet.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;INTRODUCTION TO PERCEPTUAL CONTROL THEORY (PCT)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;THE CONTROL SYSTEMS GROUP (CSG)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AND THE CONTROL SYSTEMS GROUP NETWORK (CSGnet)

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepared by Dag Forssell with Gary Cziko  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Updated December 26, 1995

This is an introduction to Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), and the  
discussion group CSGnet. CSGnet is listed on Usenet as the  
newsgroup "bit.sci.purposive-behavior." This introduction is  
posted at the beginning of each month for newcomers to CSGnet and  
the newsgroup.

A complementary, more detailed "PCT Introduction and Resource  
Guide" is available from the WWW server shown below (file  
RESOURCE.PCT, 75 KB), or by mail (20 pages) as shown in the section  
on references and order forms. It features the book jacket for  
\_Behavior: The Control of Perception\_; two short essays by Bill  
Powers: \_An essay on the obvious\_ and \_Things I'd like to say if  
they wouldn't think I am a nut\_, which deal with the requirements  
for and consequences of applying physical science to the field of  
psychology; the foreword for \_Living Control Systems II\_ by Tom  
Bourbon and more; plus more detailed descriptions of PCT books,  
videos, order forms etc.

This introduction provides information about:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Perceptual Control Theory (PCT): What it is  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Introductions to Perceptual Control Theory  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Evolution of the Control Paradigm  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Demonstrating the Phenomenon of Control  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Purpose of CSGnet  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CSGnet Participants  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Asking Questions  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Post Format  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Control Systems Group  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Accessing and Subscribing to CSGnet  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gopher and World-Wide Web  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On-line documents  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;References  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Order Forms

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PERCEPTUAL CONTROL THEORY (PCT): WHAT IT IS

PCT offers a clear explanation for the pervasive phenomenon of  
control, which is also known as purposeful behavior. Hierarchical  
PCT (HPCT) outlines a hierarchical arrangement as a likely  
organization of multiple control systems, which can explain the  
purposeful behavior of living organisms.

PCT and HPCT were developed by William T. Powers, and introduced in  
his 1973 book \_Behavior: The Control of Perception\_. (See  
references and order forms, below). Powers shows us that the  
engineering concept of control helps improve our understanding of  
behavior, conflict, cooperation, and personal relationships. Just  
as the in-depth explanatory theories of modern physical science  
have helped us understand inanimate objects better than was  
possible with experience and descriptive theories alone, the  
in-depth explanations of PCT help us understand living organisms  
better than has been possible with experience and descriptive  
theories.

PCT focuses on how we look at and experience things, and the way  
these perceptions are compared with experiences we want. The  
difference produces action and physiology. Thus PCT explains how  
thoughts become actions, feelings and results, and its principles  
can be applied to any activity involving human experience.

PCT helps us understand people as they naturally are, just as  
engineers understand physical phenomena as they naturally are. PCT  
is remarkably simple, but like any other applied science, it  
requires an understanding of basic principles and practice in their  
application.

Much of the discussion on CSGnet reflects the rigorous "engineering  
science" discipline of PCT and HPCT. Those who apply PCT and HPCT  
to issues of personal relationships, education and management are  
applying the basic principles to areas where they have not yet been  
proven with scientific rigor, but seem to work well indeed.

&nbsp;&nbsp;INTRODUCTIONS TO PERCEPTUAL CONTROL THEORY

Here are introductions by Bill and Mary Powers:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

&nbsp;&nbsp;There have been two paradigms in the behavioral sciences since  
&nbsp;&nbsp;the 1600's. One was the idea that events impinging on organisms  
&nbsp;&nbsp;make them behave as they do. The other, which was developed in  
&nbsp;&nbsp;the 1930's, is PERCEPTUAL CONTROL THEORY (PCT). Perceptual  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Control Theory explains how organisms control what happens to  
&nbsp;&nbsp;them. This means all organisms from the amoeba to humankind. It  
&nbsp;&nbsp;explains why one organism can't control another without physical  
&nbsp;&nbsp;violence. It explains why people deprived of any major part of  
&nbsp;&nbsp;their ability to control soon become dysfunctional, lose interest  
&nbsp;&nbsp;in life, pine away and die. It explains what a goal is, how goals  
&nbsp;&nbsp;relate to action, how action affects perceptions and how  
&nbsp;&nbsp;perceptions define the reality in which we live and move and have  
&nbsp;&nbsp;our being. Perceptual Control Theory is the first scientific  
&nbsp;&nbsp;theory that can handle all these phenomena within a single,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;testable concept of how living systems work.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;William T. Powers, November 3, 1991

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

&nbsp;&nbsp;While the existence of control mechanisms and processes (such as  
&nbsp;&nbsp;feedback) in living systems is generally recognized, the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;implications of control organization go far beyond what is  
&nbsp;&nbsp;generally accepted. We believe that a fundamental characteristic  
&nbsp;&nbsp;of organisms is their ability to control; that they are, in fact,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;living control systems. To distinguish this approach from others  
&nbsp;&nbsp;using some version of control theory but forcing it to fit  
&nbsp;&nbsp;conventional approaches, we call ours Perceptual Control Theory,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;or PCT.

&nbsp;&nbsp;PCT requires a major shift in thinking from the traditional  
&nbsp;&nbsp;approach: that what is controlled is not behavior, but  
&nbsp;&nbsp;perception. Modelling behavior as a dependent variable, as a  
&nbsp;&nbsp;response to stimuli, provides no explanation for the phenomenon  
&nbsp;&nbsp;of achieving consistent ends through varying means, and requires  
&nbsp;&nbsp;an extensive use of statistics to achieve modest (to the point of  
&nbsp;&nbsp;meaningless) correlations. Attempts to model behavior as planned  
&nbsp;&nbsp;and computed output can be demonstrated to require levels of  
&nbsp;&nbsp;precise calculation that are unobtainable in a physical system,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;and impossible in a real environment that is changing from one  
&nbsp;&nbsp;moment to the next. The PCT model views behavior as the means by  
&nbsp;&nbsp;which a perceived state of affairs is brought to and maintained  
&nbsp;&nbsp;at a reference state. This approach provides a physically  
&nbsp;&nbsp;plausible explanation for the consistency of outcomes and the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;variability of means.

&nbsp;&nbsp;The PCT model has been used to simulate phenomena as diverse as  
&nbsp;&nbsp;bacterial chemotaxis, tracking a target, and behavior in crowds.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;In its elaborated form, a hierarchy of perceptual control systems  
&nbsp;&nbsp;(HPCT), it has lent itself to a computer simulation of tracking,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;including learning to track, and to new approaches to education,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;management, and psychotherapy.

&nbsp;&nbsp;Control systems are not new in the life sciences. However,  
&nbsp;&nbsp;numerous misapprehensions exist, passed down from what was  
&nbsp;&nbsp;learned about control theory by non-engineers 40 or 50 years ago  
&nbsp;&nbsp;without further reference to newer developments or correction of  
&nbsp;&nbsp;initial misunderstandings. References in the literature to the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;desirability of positive feedback and the assertion that systems  
&nbsp;&nbsp;with feedback are slower than S-R systems are simply false, and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;concerns about stability are unfounded.

&nbsp;&nbsp;The primary barrier to the adoption of PCT concepts is the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;belief--or hope--that control theory can simply be absorbed into  
&nbsp;&nbsp;the mainstream life sciences without disturbing the status quo.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;It is very hard to believe that one's training and life work, and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;that of one's mentors, and their mentors, must be fundamentally  
&nbsp;&nbsp;revised. Therefore, PCT appeals to those who feel some  
&nbsp;&nbsp;dissatisfaction with the status quo, or who are attracted to the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;idea of a generative model with broad application throughout the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;life sciences (plus AI and robotics). There are very few people  
&nbsp;&nbsp;working in PCT research. Much of its promise is still simply  
&nbsp;&nbsp;promise, and it meets resistance from all sides. It is  
&nbsp;&nbsp;frustrating but also tremendously exciting to be a part of the  
&nbsp;&nbsp;group who believe that they are participating in the birth of a  
&nbsp;&nbsp;true science of life.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mary Powers, November 1992

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

&nbsp;&nbsp;THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONTROL PARADIGM

The PCT paradigm originates in 1927, when an engineer named Harold  
Black completed the technical analysis of closed loop control  
systems. He was working with the negative feedback amplifier, which  
is a control device. This led to a new engineering discipline and  
the development of many purposeful machines. Purposeful machines  
have built-in intent to achieve specified ends by variable means  
under changing conditions.

The explanation for the phenomenon of control is the first  
alternative to the linear cause-effect perspective ever proposed in  
any science.

The first discussion of purposeful machines and people came in 1943  
in a paper called: Behavior, Purpose and Teleology by Rosenblueth,  
Wiener and Bigelow. This paper also argued that purpose belongs in  
science as a real phenomenon in the present. Purpose does not mean  
that somehow the future influences the present.

William T. (Bill) Powers developed PCT, beginning in the mid-50's.  
In 1973 his book called "Behavior: the Control of Perception."  
(often referred to as B:CP) was published. It is still the major  
reference for PCT and discussion on CSGnet.

B:CP spells out a suggestion for a working model of how the human  
brain and nervous system works. Our brain is a system that controls  
its own perceptions. This view suggests explanations for many  
previously mysterious aspects of how people interact with their  
world.

Perceptual Control Theory has been accepted by independently  
thinking psychologists, scientists, engineers and others. The  
result is that an association has been formed (the Control System  
Group), several books published, this CSGnet set up and that  
several professors teach PCT in American universities today.

&nbsp;&nbsp;DEMONSTRATING THE PHENOMENON OF CONTROL

Few scientists recognize or understand the phenomenon of control.  
It is not well understood in important aspects even by many control  
engineers. Yet the phenomenon of control, when it is recognized and  
understood, provides a powerful enhancement to scientific  
perspectives.

It is essential to recognize that control exists and deserves an  
explanation before any of the discourse on CSGnet will make sense.

Please download the introductory computer demonstrations,  
simulations and tutorials, beginning with "demo1". See "Gopher and  
World-Wide Web" below for obtaining files via FTP, Gopher, and WWW.

&nbsp;&nbsp;THE PURPOSE OF CSGnet

CSGnet provides a forum for development, use and testing of PCT.

&nbsp;&nbsp;CSGnet PARTICIPANTS

Many interests and backgrounds are represented here. Psychology,  
Sociology, Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Social  
Work, Neurology, Modeling and Testing. All are represented and  
discussed. As of March 20, 1995 there were 146 individuals from 20  
countries subscribed to CSGnet.

&nbsp;&nbsp;ASKING QUESTIONS

Please introduce yourself with a statement of your professional  
interests and background. It will help someone answer if you spell  
out which demonstrations, introductory papers and references you  
have taken the time to digest.

&nbsp;&nbsp;POST FORMAT

When you are ready to introduce yourself and post to CSGnet, please  
begin each post with your name and date of posting at the beginning  
of the message itself, as shown here:

[From Dag Forssell (960212 1600)]

This lets readers know who sent the message, and when (sometimes  
very different from the automated datestamp). It provides a  
convenient reference for replies. When you respond to a message,  
please use this reference (remove the word "From"), and quote only  
relevant parts of the message you comment on.

&nbsp;&nbsp;THE CONTROL SYSTEMS GROUP

The CSG is an organization of people in the behavioral, social, and  
life sciences who see the potential in PCT for increased  
understanding in their own fields and for the unification of  
diverse and fragmented specialties.

Annual dues are $20 for full members and $5 for students.

The Twelfth North American Annual Meeting of the CSG will held in  
1996 from July 17 to 21 at Northern Arizona University in  
Flagstaff, Arizona. Shuttle service from the Phoenix airport to  
Flagstaff will be available. There will be seven plenary meetings  
(mornings and evenings), with afternoons, mealtimes, and late night  
free for further discussion or recreation. Full details will be  
available on CSGnet or by mail after April 1, 1996. The Second  
Meeting of the European Control Systems Group (ECSG) will also be  
held in 1996. Details to be arranged and posted on this net.

For membership information write:  
CSG, c/o Mary Powers, 73 Ridge Place CR 510, Durango, CO 81301-8136  
USA or send e-mail to powers\_w@fortlewis.edu.

&nbsp;&nbsp;ACCESSING AND SUBSCRIBING TO CSGnet

CSGnet can also be accessed via Usenet where it is listed as the  
newsgroup "bit.sci.purposive-behavior" (NOTE: You may have to set  
your default news server to news.cso.uiuc.edu to read this group.)

To subscribe to the listserv version of CSGnet, and learn about  
options & commands, subscribers and archives, send a message to

LISTSERV@POSTOFFICE.CSO.UIUC.EDU

Message: (Comments: Not part of your message)

Subscribe CSGnet Firstname Lastname Institution (Your OWN name)  
help (Basic introduction to commands)  
info refcard (Comprehensive reference of commands)  
set CSGnet digest \* (Deliver one day's worth every morning)  
set CSGnet repro (Get copy of your own postings)  
set CSGnet ack (Receive acknowledgements when posting)  
query CSGnet (Your mail status & options)  
review CSGnet countries (Subscribers & addresses, by country)  
index CSGnet (List of archive files available to you)  
get CSGnet LOG9602B (Get archive for second week of Feb 1996  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;--shown here as an example only).

\* The alternatives are:  
set CSGnet mail (Get messages as they are posted)  
set CSGnet nomail (Stop the mail temporarily)

The Bitnet address for the list server is listserv@uiucvmd.

To remove yourself from the listserv version of CSGnet, send a  
message as follows to LISTSERV@POSTOFFICE.CSO.UIUC.EDU

Unsub CSGnet

For the "unsub" command to work, the command must be sent with the  
same return address used for the original "subscribe" command.

Messages to the entire CSGnet community should be addressed to  
CSGnet@POSTOFFICE.CSO.UIUC.EDU

For more information about accessing CSGnet, contact Gary Cziko,  
the network manager, at g-cziko@uiuc.edu

&nbsp;&nbsp;GOPHER AND WORLD-WIDE WEB

A number of documents as well as MS-DOS and Mackintosh computer  
programs can be obtained via Gopher and the World-Wide Web  
(currently under construction).

To use a Gopher browser, connect to gopher.ed.uiuc.edu and follow  
the path:

Higher Education Resources/  
Professional societies & journals/  
Control Systems Group

or from your favorite Gopher server follow the path:

Other Gopher and Information Servers/  
North America/  
USA/  
illinois/  
University of Ill.--College of Education/  
Higher Education Resources/  
Professional societies & journals/  
Control Systems Group

The WWW address for the CSG homepage (under construction) is  
[http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/csg/](http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/csg/) (don't forget the final slash).

&nbsp;&nbsp;ON-LINE DOCUMENTS

A large collection of extracts from CSGnet discussions can be found  
at on the World Wide Web at  
[http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/csg/documents/docindex.html](http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/csg/documents/docindex.html). In addition,  
extracts from selected published works can be found among the  
references list below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;REFERENCES

Here are some selected books, papers and computer programs on  
Perceptual Control Theory. For a very complete list of CSG-related  
publications, get the file biblio.pct from the fileserver as  
described above. See also the "PCT Introduction and Resource Guide"  
and order forms below.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

Bourbon, WT, KE Copeland, VR Dyer, WK Harman & BL Mosely (1990). On  
the accuracy and reliability of predictions by control-system  
theory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol 71, 1990, 1331-1338.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;The first of a 20-year series demonstrating the long-term  
&nbsp;&nbsp;reliability and stability of predictions generated by the PCT  
&nbsp;&nbsp;model.

Bourbon, W. Tom (In Press). Perceptual Control Theory. In: HL  
Roitblat & J-A Meyer (eds.). Comparative approaches to cognitive  
science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Chapter surveys applications of PCT modeling by Bill Powers and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Greg Williams (pointing, from the ARM/LITTLE MAN program); by  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Rick Marken and Bill Powers (movement "up a gradient" by E.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;coli), by Bill Powers, Clark Mcphail and Chuck Tucker (social  
&nbsp;&nbsp;movement and static formations, from the GATHERINGS program), and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;by Bourbon (tracking). The PCT model is contrasted with some of  
&nbsp;&nbsp;the mainstream models and theories presented at the workshop.

Cziko, Gary A. (1992). Purposeful behavior as the control of  
perception: Implications for educational research. Educational  
Researcher, 21(9), 10-18, 27.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction to PCT and implications for educational research.

Cziko, Gary A. (1992). Perceptual control theory: One threat to  
educational research not (yet?) faced by Amundson, Serlin, and  
Lehrer. Educational Researcher, 21(9), 25-27.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Response to critics of previous article.

Cziko, Gary. (1995). Without miracles: Universal selection theory  
and the second Darwinian evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press/A Bradford  
Book.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See Chapter 8, "Adapted Behavior as the Control of Perception"

Ford, Edward E. (1989). Freedom From Stress. Scottsdale AZ: Brandt  
Publishing. A self-help book.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;PCT in a counseling framework.

Ford, Edward E. (1987). Love Guaranteed; A Better Marriage In 8  
Weeks. Scottsdale AZ: Brandt Publishing.

Ford, Edward E. (1994). Discipline for Home and School. Scottsdale  
AZ: Brandt Publishing.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Teaches school personnel and parents how to deal effectively with  
&nbsp;&nbsp;children.

Forssell, Dag C., (1993). Perceptual Control: A New Management  
Insight. In Engineering Management Journal, 5(4), 17-25.

Forssell, Dag C., (1994). Perceptual Control: Management Insight  
for Problem Solving. In Engineering Management Journal, 6(3),  
31-39.

Forssell, Dag C., (1995). Perceptual Control: Leading  
Uncontrollable People. In Engineering Management Journal, 7(1), 38-  
45.

Forssell, Dag C., (1994). Management and Leadership: Insight for  
Effective Practice.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;A collection of articles (shown above) and working papers in book  
&nbsp;&nbsp;form introducing and applying PCT in the context of business and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;industry.

Forssell, Dag C. (Ed.), (1995). PCTdemos and PCTtexts. Two DOS  
disks 1.44 MB 3 1/2". May be freely copied. Also available at the  
WWW site shown above.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;PCTdemos holds eight different tutorial, simulation and  
&nbsp;&nbsp;demonstration programs with documentation. PCTtexts holds 3+ MB  
&nbsp;&nbsp;of essays, explanation, and debate.

Gibbons, Hugh. (1990). The Death of Jeffrey Stapleton: Exploring  
the Way Lawyers Think. Concord, NH: Franklin Pierce Law Center.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;A text for law students using control theory.

Hershberger, Wayne. (Ed.). (1989). Volitional Action: Conation and  
Control (Advances in Psychology No. 62). NY: North-Holland.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;16 of 25 articles on or about PCT.

Judd, Joel. (1992). Second Language Acquisition as the Control of  
Nonprimary Linguistic Perception: A Critique of Research and  
Theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois  
at Champaign-Urbana. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, (7),  
#9236495.

Marken, Richard S. (Ed.). (1990). Purposeful Behavior: The control  
theory approach. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(1). (Thousand  
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications).  
&nbsp;&nbsp;11 articles on control theory.

Marken, Richard S. (1992). Mind Readings: Experimental Studies of  
Purpose. NC: New View.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Research papers exploring control.

McClelland, Kent. 1994. Perceptual Control and Social Power.  
Sociological Perspectives 37(4):461-496.

McClelland, Kent. On Cooperatively Controlled Perceptions and  
Social order. Available from the author, Dept. of Sociology,  
Grinnell College, Grinnell IOWA 50112 USA.

McPhail, Clark. (1990). The Myth of the Madding Crowd. New York:  
Aldine de Gruyter.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduces control theory to explain group behavior.

McPhail, Clark., Powers, William T., & Tucker, Charles W. (1992).  
Simulating individual and collective action In temporary  
gatherings. Social Science Computer Review, 10(1), 1-28.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Computer simulation of control systems in groups.

Petrie, Hugh G. (1981). The Dilemma of Inquiry and Learning.  
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Powers, William T. (1973). Behavior: The Control of Perception.  
Hawthorne, NY: Aldine DeGruyter.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;The basic text.

Powers, William T., The Nature of Robots:  
&nbsp;&nbsp;1 Defining Behavior BYTE 4(6), June 1979, p132-144, 7 pages.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;2 Simulated Control System, BYTE 4(7), July, 134-152, 12p.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;3 A Closer Look at Human Behavior, BYTE 4(8), Aug, 94-116, 16p.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;4 Looking for Controlled Variables, BYTE 4(8), Sep 96-112, 13p.

Powers, William T. (1989). Living Control Systems: Selected Papers.  
NC: New View.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Previously published papers, 1960-1988.

Powers, William T. (1992). Living Control Systems II: Selected  
Papers. NC: New View.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;Previously unpublished papers, 1959-1990

Richardson, George P. (1991). Feedback Thought in Social Science  
and Systems Theory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;A review of systems thinking, including PCT.

Robertson, Richard J. and Powers, William T. (Eds.). (1990).  
Introduction to Modern Psychology: The Control Theory View. NC: New  
View.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;College-level text.

Runkel, Philip J. (1990). Casting Nets and Testing Specimens. New  
York: Praeger.  
&nbsp;&nbsp;When statistics are appropriate; when models are required.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \*

&nbsp;&nbsp;ORDER FORMS

&nbsp;&nbsp;A free 20 page PCT Resource Guide with introductions and more  
&nbsp;&nbsp;detail on the references listed above and a few more --  
&nbsp;&nbsp;publishers, books, articles, videos, seminars, and the DOS  
&nbsp;&nbsp;demonstration disk -- may be obtained by sending a note to:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PCT Introduction and Resource Guide  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dag Forssell  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23903 Via Flamenco  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Valencia, California, 91355-2808 USA.

The PCT Introduction and Resource Guide is also available in ASCII  
format from the WWW site shown above.

Order forms in the Guide are reproduced below without descriptions.  
All prices current as of April, 1995.

> **···**
>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------  
> Purposeful Leadership: Dag Forssell Telephone: (805) 254-1195  
> 23903 Via Flamenco, Valencia, CA 91355-2808 USA Fax:(805) 254-7956
> 
> \_\_\_ ea Management and Leadership: Insight for ... @ $20.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea PCTdemos and PCTtexts. DOS. 3 1/2" disks. @ $10.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Rubber Band Demo. Video & Script 63 minutes @ $20.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea PCT supports TQM. Video 117 minutes @ $20.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea PCT @ AERA 1995. Video 120 minutes @ $10.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea 1993 CSG conference. 3 videos, 18 hours. @ $30.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea 1994 CSG conference. 3 videos, 16 hours. @ $30.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Freedom From Stress. Book by Ed Ford @ $10.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea PCT Introduction and Resource Guide Free \_N/C\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California residents please add 8.25% sales tax \_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shipping & Handling (world wide) @ $5.00 \_5.00\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid: Check, money order Total \_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
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> 
> ------------------------------------------------------------------  
> Brandt Publishing: Edward E. Ford Telephone & Fax: (602) 991-4860  
> 10209 North 56th Street, Scottsdale, AZ 85253-1130 USA
> 
> \_\_\_ ea Freedom From Stress, Book @ $10.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Love Guaranteed, Book @ $ 9.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Love Guaranteed, Video @ $15.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Discipline for Home and School, Book @ $10.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Arizona residents please add sales tax, 6%. Tax \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shipping & Handling (world wide) @ $3.50 \_3.50\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid: Check, money order Total \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> NAME\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Phone\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> ADDRESS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> -----------------------------------------------------------------
> 
> New View: Fred Good Telephone: (919) 942-8491  
> P.O. Box 3021 Chapel Hill, NC 27515-3021 USA Fax: (919) 942-3760
> 
> \_\_\_ ea BEHAVIOR: THE CONTROL OF PERCEPTION @ $41.95 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea INTRODUCTION TO MODERN PSYCHOLOGY @ $25.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea LIVING CONTROL SYSTEMS @ $16.50 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea LIVING CONTROL SYSTEMS II @ $22.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea MIND READINGS @ $18.00 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea PCT Introduction and Resource Guide Free \_N/C\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;North Carolina residents add sales tax, 6%. Tax \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shipping & Handling (see schedule below) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid: Check, money order Total \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
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> NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Phone(\_\_\_\_\_\_)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> ADDRESS  
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> NEW VIEW Shipping:
> 
> Up to $25 $4  
> $25.01-$50 $5  
> $50.01-$100 $6  
> Over $100 6% of subtotal  
> UPS second day $10 + 10% of subtotal
> 
> U.S. orders shipped UPS ground service. Foreign orders--Canada  
> and Mexico shipped air mail: $5 plus 10% of subtotal. All other  
> countries shipped surface mail: $10 plus 10% of subtotal.  
> Checks must be drawn in US funds.
> 
> ------------------------------------------------------------------  
> Journal Marketing, Sage Publications Phone orders: (805) 499-0721  
> 2455 Teller Rd, Newbury Park, CA 91320 USA Fax: (805) 499-0871
> 
> &nbsp;&nbsp;American Behavioral Scientist, Volume 34, Number 1 Sept/Oct 1990  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Stock number 201238 Richard S. Marken, Editor  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Purposeful Behavior; The Control Theory Approach,  
> \_\_\_ ea Price for individuals and companies: @ $11.20 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> \_\_\_ ea Price for institutions and libraries: @ $22.40 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California residents add sales tax 7.25%. Tax \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shipping & Handling (world wide) @ $2.00 \_2.00\_\_  
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prepaid: Check, money order, credit cards Total \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> NAME \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Phone\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
> ADDRESS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
> 
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> 
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- END -