PCT Research Guide

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.09.0900)]

I think there are two main reasons why PCT has been ignored by the
scientific psychology establishment. One relates to what been talking
about recently: PCT shows that the results obtained using conventional
psychological research methods are misleading at best and illusory at
worst. Obviously, the scientific psychologists who make their living
doing conventional research would be inclined to resist this
disturbance; and ignoring it is a very good way to resist it.

The other reason, I think, is because those scientific psychologists
who are willing to consider the possibility that conventional methods
are inappropriate to the study of living systems (and there may be
more than a few of these out these) do not know how to proceed with a
PCT based research program. That is, I think we (and me in particular,
since criticism of conventional psychological methods is the dead
horse that I've spent most of my career beating) have not presented a
clear description of what a research program based on PCT would look
like.

One reason I haven't done more along these lines is because I really
don't have a very good idea myself of what such a PCT-based research
program would look like. I think what is needed for those researchers
who would like to do PCT research but don't really know how to proceed
is some kind of guide to doing such a program. But I don't think I can
create such a guide myself. Maybe that's why I've spent so much time
showing what's wrong with conventional methodology. I don't really
know how to explain how to proceed with a PCT-based research program.

I do think that such a research program would have to involve at least
three things: 1) closed-loop modeling (as opposed to the open loop
modeling that is the starting point of conventional methods) 2) some
kind of test for controlled variables (which are completely ignored by
conventional research but are a fundamental component of a closed loop
control model) and 3) some kind of method of determining the
relationship between controlled variables (such as the Method of
Levels, MOL); PCT says the relationship is hierarchical but it might
actually be something else (heterarchical?). Of course, a PCT research
program would be done "one subject at a time".

I know Bill is busy with his modeling but I would appreciate any
thoughts from researchers on what a PCT research program might look
like. Some concrete suggestions would be nice. I think we might
actually be able to get some "conventional" researchers to join into
the PCT approach to understanding behavior if they had a nice clear
picture of what a PCT research program would look like.

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com

from Dick Robertson(2010,06.091422)

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.09.0900)]

I think there are two main reasons why PCT has been ignored by the
scientific psychology establishment. One relates to what been talking
about recently: PCT shows that the results obtained using conventional
psychological research methods are misleading at best and
illusory at worst. Obviously, the scientific psychologists who make their living
doing conventional research would be inclined to resist this disturbance; and ignoring it is a >very good way to resist it.

I think this is undoubted, but I have a third possibility, that might apply to many contemporary psychologists. That is that, when they look at the demos, that might well dismiss PCT as a variant of psychophysics. All the demos (except MOL) ostensibly deal with bodily movement. Many psychologists don’t look deeper. They say that’s not their area of interest. We know one of the big new areas of interest, since Kahneman got the nobel, is “behavioral economics.” My attention was drawn to that when a relative of a relative at the Chicago School of Psychology (a Psy D school) invited me to offer a talk at a conference on BE the school was hosting. I offered a PCT view of the current work in BE and was rejected as “not on the topic,” (or the like).

No surprise. But in the course of looking into it I came across and read some of Ariely’s book, resulting in my attempt to raise interest among PCTers because it was considered such a salient topic at the moment ( never mind about trendiness, we know about that).

Bill, and you, and some others tried to create models for studying the data I posted from Ariely. The studies foundered, as far as I could see, on the fact that the data was not conducive to huge numbers of data points – that I think has been the model of PCT research ever since the first tracking studies. Never mind that some/most of us see the underlying principle there as so fundamental that it does reveal something about all behavior. The traditional guys don’t see it. You have first to become profoundly familiar with Bill’s theory to be able to see it. They don’t find any reason to concentrate that hard on it.

The outcome I have been thinking about since the Ariely interest died away is that PCT needs somehow to get to the basics of what a model is. The tracking model simply can’t be the whole of it. When I was in high school our physics prof had the standard set of wheels within wheels – the light bulb in the middle and the planets in orbits around. That model was convincing as to why Copernicus was right and Ptolemy was wrong. It didn’t have multiple data points to feed into a computer. I think there have to be many versions of models – suitable to the phenomenon in question. We have yet to discover what that would be in e.g. BE, as well as many other “phenomena” in which contemporary psychologists – and the lay people who read Psychology Today, etc. – are interested.

I think we (and me in particular, since criticism of conventional psychological methods is the >dead horse that I’ve spent most of my career beating) have not presented a clear description >of what a research program based on PCT would look like.

Right on, but don’t confine your interest just to setting up a convincing demonstration of why contemporary psychology is mostly smoke and mirrors. You and Bill have done that. It failed to sink in, except for a few rare instances.

One reason I haven’t done more along these lines is because I really
don’t have a very good idea myself of what such a PCT-based research
program would look like. I think what is needed for those researchers
who would like to do PCT research but don’t really know how to proceed
is some kind of guide to doing such a program. But I don’t think
I can create such a guide myself.

Maybe that’s why I’ve spent so much time showing what’s wrong with conventional >methodology. I don’t really know how to explain how to proceed with a PCT-based research >program.

AHA.

I do think that such a research program would have to involve at least
three things: 1) closed-loop modeling (as opposed to the open loop
modeling that is the starting point of conventional methods) 2) some
kind of test for controlled variables (which are completely
ignored by conventional research but are a fundamental component of a closed loop
control model) and 3) some kind of method of determining the relationship between controlled variables.

BUT - focused on predicting some real-life observation that contradicts the expected view, like the bending of light during the eclipse. I don’t have any insight about how to set up a model for studying things that are different from tracking. But I’ll bet in CSGnet there are, or will be those who can.

Best,

Dick R

···

I know Bill is busy with his modeling but I would appreciate any
thoughts from researchers on what a PCT research program might look
like. Some concrete suggestions would be nice. I think we might
actually be able to get some “conventional” researchers to join into
the PCT approach to understanding behavior if they had a nice clear
picture of what a PCT research program would look like.

Best

Rick


Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com

[From Bill Powers (2010.06.09.1423 MDT)]

Dick Robertson(2010,06.091422)

Rick Marken (2010.06.09.0900) --

DR: BUT - focused on predicting some real-life observation that contradicts the expected view, like the bending of light during the eclipse. I don't have any insight about how to set up a model for studying things that are different from tracking. But I'll bet in CSGnet there are, or will be those who can.

Rick has a good idea there, so let's concentrate on how PCT is different from other theories and devise demonstrations of phenomena that the other theories can't explain. We can offer them a challenges in a paper for some psych journal.

As a starter I can mention Demo 9-1 in LCS3 -- SquareCircle.

I have another in mind which I will work on today.

Bill

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.10.1220)]

Dick Robertson(2010,06.091422)--

Rick Marken (2010.06.09.0900)]

PCT shows that the results obtained using conventional
psychological research methods are misleading at best and
illusory at worst.

I think this is undoubted, but I have a third possibility, that might apply
to many contemporary psychologists. That is that, when they look at the
demos, that might well dismiss PCT as a variant of psychophysics.

I agree. And another related problem (which I know about because I get
it from reviewers) is that psychologists don't see how the principles
illustrated with the tracking task relate to psychology experiments in
general. Reviewers say "sure, the behavior in the tracking task is
closed loop but the behavior in the typical experiment is not". I'm
trying to write a paper explaining that all psychology experiments
involve closed loop control behavior.

Bill, and you, and some others tried to create models for studying the data
I posted from Ariely. The studies foundered

Yes, but I agree that what I would like to see is a description of a
research _Program_ to study whatever the heck it was that Ariely
though he was studying, but do it in the context of understanding that
behavior is control. So the research would be done one person at a
time, using modeling and testing for controlled variables to see
what's going on.

The outcome I have been thinking about since the Ariely interest died away
is that PCT needs somehow to get to the basics of what a model is.

I think that is important but I don't think many psychologists are in
a position to understand PCT at that level. What I suggest is
presenting to psychologists some very specific and _concrete_ ideas
about how to carry on a PCT based research program. I would like to
see this done in the context of several concrete behavioral issues,
like the bidding behavior studies by Ariely. Included in this tutorial
would be guidance about what you want to find out about the behavior
(the goal of PCT research is to understand what purposes -- controlled
variables -- are involved and how they are achieved), then how to
design studies to test hypotheses about what is controlled and how to
build models to test these hypotheses.

I think we...have not presented a� clear description of what a
research program based on PCT would look� like.

Right on, but don't confine your interest just to setting up a convincing
demonstration of why contemporary psychology is mostly smoke and mirrors.
You and Bill have done that. It failed to sink in, except for a few rare
instances.

Yes, exactly my point. And I sympathize with those into whom it did
not sink in. Even if it did sink in I don't think it would be clear
how to proceed form these. What I'm think of is a guide for those who
are willing to try the PCT approach to research, even if the reasons
for adopting this approach have not fully sunk in.

I do think that such a research program would have to involve at least
three things: 1) closed-loop modeling (as opposed to the open loop
modeling that is the starting point of conventional methods) 2) some
kind of test for controlled variables (which are completely
ignored by conventional research but are a fundamental component of a
closed loop control model) and 3) some kind of method of determining the
relationship between controlled variables.

BUT - focused on predicting some real-life observation that contradicts the
expected view

I would settle for just predicting some real-life observation. Again,
I'm not suggest a program to convince people that PCT is right; I want
a guide for a research program for those who are _willing_ (for
whatever reason, whether because they were convinced by our demos or
because they think I'm cute or whatever) to try studying organisms as
though they were closed-loop control systems. I want to show people
examples of research aimed at understanding the behavior of living
control systems, illustrated with real-life (and interesting) examples
of control behavior.

The study you did with David Goldstein is an example of the kind of
PCT research I would like to see described in this Guide. I'd like to
see it described as a whole program, not just a one shot study: what
is the behavior you are trying to understand?, how did you test it?,
what did you find?, what models did you test?, and, most important,
where do you go from here?

I have always wanted to write up a Guide like this but I don't think I
can do it on my own (though I will try cobbling something together as
soon as I get a chance). That's why I bring it up on CSGNet. I'd like
to get input from the (few) researchers on CSGNet regarding what they
might like to see in such a guide; or whether they even think such a
guide would be useful at all.

Best regards

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com

[From Bill Powers (2010.06.11.07817 MDT)]

Rick Marken (2010.06.10.1220) --

RM: I agree [with Dick Robertson]. And another related problem (which I know about because I get it from reviewers) is that psychologists don't see how the principles illustrated with the tracking task relate to psychology experiments in general. Reviewers say "sure, the behavior in the tracking task is closed loop but the behavior in the typical experiment is not". I'm
trying to write a paper explaining that all psychology experiments involve closed loop control behavior.

BP: I suggest taking up the reviewers' comment: "sure, the behavior in the tracking task is closed loop but the behavior in the typical experiment is not". I suggest quoting this in your article and saying "That is a good point, if it's true. Now how do we find out if it's true? We can't just accept such an important judgment without verifying it. Here are some variations on experiments, which experimental designs can incorporate quite easily, that will help us see whether open-loop or closed-loop analysis should be used to interpret the results in any specific case."

The variations, of course, are procedures that introduce disturbances or keep track of natural variations in the environment or the subject's actions (from which the presence of disturbances can be inferred). You can examine real instances of the instructions given to subjects, to see whether they specify production of motor activities (behaviors) or results of motor activities (perceptions). You could start with simple knowledge-of-results experiments, then introduce experiments in which disturbances occur, and the effects are opposed, during a response.

The critical thing we have to do, I think, is to keep presenting cases in which conventional theories predict one thing and PCT predicts another. Purely theoretical arguments will not be enough.

Best,

Bill P.

Jumping in here. The attached article has a lot to say to us, I think.
Consider the following, from the last page:

"Intentional psychology embodies no agreed
laws or approximations to them, and has not yet been linked to
any non-intentional theory about intentional states that will improve
its chances of increased predictive content. Without such
theoretical companionship, it cannot be expected to break out of
the predictive limitations to which all parties now agree it is subject.
This means that whether or not intentional theories come ultimately
to bear fruit, psychology needs to pursue non-intentional
theories of behavior hitherto explained intentionally, in particular
it must pursue neuroscientific theories [such as PCT - Ted].

To really get it, though, you need to read the whole article. What it
suggests to me is that we should look for allies among intentional
psychologists who are interested in scientific rigor.

Best regards,

Ted

Rosenberg Fitness.pdf (308 KB)

[From Dick Robertson, 2010.0611.1131CDT]

[From Bill Powers (2010.06.11.07817 MDT)]

Rick Marken (2010.06.10.1220) –

RM: I agree [with Dick Robertson]. And another related problem (which I know about because I get it from reviewers) is that psychologists don’t see how the principles illustrated with the tracking task relate to psychology experiments in general.

BP: I suggest taking up the reviewers’ comment: “sure, the
behavior in the tracking task is closed loop but the behavior >in the typical experiment is not”. I suggest quoting this in your >article and saying "That is a good point, if it’s true. Now how >do we find out if it’s true?

Great point.

You could start with simple knowledge-of-results >experiments, then introduce experiments in which >disturbances occur, and the effects are opposed, during a >response.

The critical thing we have to do, I think, is to keep presenting
cases in which conventional theories predict one thing and >PCT predicts another. Purely theoretical arguments will not >be enough.

Agreed, I’m still obsessed with what can be learned from the Ariely discussion. It struck me yesterday that his stuff should be identified with Phil’s “casting nets” concept, and thereby at least put in its proper context as applied psychology, not fundamental behavior investigation.

Then it I had a further thought. Ariely doubtless thinks of his study (and most psychological “experiments” as modeling – in the sense that people in real life don’t go looking for something to make them feel good before making some economic decision. But the experiment is considered as the closest “laboratory” attempt to imitate the real-life situation. Most such studies can be questioned in terms of how closely they really contain the essence of the real-life behavior they claim to explicate.

PCT studies don’t rest upon getting the audience to say, “Yeah, that’s a good-enough imitation of real-life behavior;” by having the computer get the same results as the human PCT studies don’t need to “sell” their validity.

Best,

Dick R

[From Dick Robertson,2010.06.11.1400CDT]

I just spent a couple hours threading my way through Rosenberg’s essay. It was sort of interesting in his explanation of why “fitness” is a “primitive” term in evolutionary theory.

But it was apparent right at the beginning that the man never heard of “control,” and all his reasoning that “intentionality” must be understood in terms of non-intentional psychological principles then became merely S-R in fancy garb.

Best,

Dick R

···

----- Original Message -----
From: Ted Cloak tcloak@UNM.EDU
Date: Friday, June 11, 2010 11:30 am
Subject: Re: PCT Research Guide
To: CSGNET@LISTSERV.ILLINOIS.EDU

Jumping in here. The attached article has a lot to say to us, I think.
Consider the following, from the last page:

"Intentional psychology embodies no agreed
laws or approximations to them, and has not yet been linked to
any non-intentional theory about intentional states that will improve
its chances of increased predictive content. Without such
theoretical companionship, it cannot be expected to break out of
the predictive limitations to which all parties now agree it is
subject.This means that whether or not intentional theories come
ultimatelyto bear fruit, psychology needs to pursue non-intentional
theories of behavior hitherto explained intentionally, in particular
it must pursue neuroscientific theories [such as PCT - Ted].

To really get it, though, you need to read the whole article.
What it
suggests to me is that we should look for allies among intentional
psychologists who are interested in scientific rigor.

Best regards,

Ted

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.11.1540)]

Bill Powers (2010.06.11.07817 MDT)--

Rick Marken (2010.06.10.1220) --

RM: I agree [with Dick Robertson]. And another related problem (which I
know about because I get it from reviewers) is that psychologists don't see
how the principles illustrated with the tracking task relate to psychology
experiments in general. Reviewers say "sure, the behavior in the tracking
task is closed loop but the behavior in the typical experiment is not". I'm
trying to write a paper explaining that all psychology experiments involve
closed loop control behavior.

BP: I suggest taking up the reviewers' comment: "sure, the behavior in the
tracking task is closed loop but the behavior in the typical experiment is
not". I suggest quoting this in your article and saying "That is a good
point, if it's true. Now how do we find out if it's true? We can't just
accept such an important judgment without verifying it. Here are some
variations on experiments, which experimental designs can incorporate quite
easily, that will help us see whether open-loop or closed-loop analysis
should be used to interpret the results in any specific case."

The variations, of course, are procedures that introduce disturbances or
keep track of natural variations in the environment or the subject's actions
(from which the presence of disturbances can be inferred). You can examine
real instances of the instructions given to subjects, to see whether they
specify production of motor activities (behaviors) or results of motor
activities (perceptions). You could start with simple knowledge-of-results
experiments, then introduce experiments in which disturbances occur, and
the effects are opposed, during a response.

The critical thing we have to do, I think, is to keep presenting cases in
which conventional theories predict one thing and PCT predicts another.
Purely theoretical arguments will not be enough.

Great ideas. I will incorporate them into the paper to be. But I still
think a separate "Guide to PCT Research" showing an example of a
concrete program of PCT research would be even more effective. PCT
Research is very unfamiliar to research psychologists; if they don't
know what to do they'll stick with what's familiar, no matter how much
they like the theory.

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com

[From Ted Cloak tcloak@UNM.EDU,2010.06.11.1130MST]

Dick, thanks for taking the time and trouble to read the
Rosenberg article. I read it differently, as I tried to indicate.

R’s analogy, as I understand it and interpret it, is as
follows:

Evolutionary biologists use the term “fitness”
when they talk about evolutionary events; i.e., events of natural selection “in
the wild”.

But when they get down to
how evolution works, i.e. when they conduct experiments on natural
selection with fruit flies or microbes, they use terms from functional biology:
gene action, relative fecundity, sperm velocity, etc. The term “fitness”
plays no part at that point. Yet if these experiments are unsuccessful then “fitness”
becomes circular and thus lacks explanatory value at its proper level of usage.

Similarly, intentional psychologists use terms like
“intent”, “desire”, “goal” when they talk
about behavior “in the wild” or in the clinic.

But when they get down to how
behavior works, they (should) concern themselves with the internal
machinery, and use terms of neurophysiology and anatomy: neurons, synapses,
neural networks, etc. The term “intention” plays no part at that point.
Yet unless the internal machinery proves to be organized along the principles
of hierarchical perception control or something functionally similar, “intention”
becomes (or remains) circular and thus without explanatory value at its proper
level of usage.

Hence, I think that intentional psychologist are potential
allies. And we need to dig into that internal machinery.

HTH

Best,

Ted

[From Dick Robertson,2010.06.11.1400CDT]

I just spent a couple hours threading my way through Rosenberg’s essay. It was
sort of interesting in his explanation of why “fitness” is a
“primitive” term in evolutionary theory.

But it was apparent right at the beginning that the man never heard of
“control,” and all his reasoning that “intentionality” must
be understood in terms of non-intentional psychological principles then became
merely S-R in fancy garb.

Best,

Dick R

[From Ted Cloak tcloak@UNM.EDU,2010.06.11.1130MST]

···

----- Original Message -----

Jumping in here. The attached article has a lot to say to us, I think.
Consider the following, from the last page:

"Intentional psychology embodies no agreed
laws or approximations to them, and has not yet been linked to
any non-intentional theory about intentional states that will improve
its chances of increased predictive content. Without such
theoretical companionship, it cannot be expected to break out of
the predictive limitations to which all parties now agree it is
subject.This means that whether or not intentional theories come
ultimatelyto bear fruit, psychology needs to pursue non-intentional
theories of behavior hitherto explained intentionally, in particular
it must pursue neuroscientific theories [such as PCT - Ted].

To really get it, though, you need to read the whole article.
What it
suggests to me is that we should look for allies among intentional
psychologists who are interested in scientific rigor.

Best regards,

Ted

[From Bill Powers )2010.06.12.1129 MDT)]

Ted Cloak
tcloak@UNM.EDU,2010.06.11.1130MST

···

TC: Evolutionary biologists use
the term “fitness” when they talk about evolutionary events; i.e., events
of natural selection “in the wild”. But when they get down to how
evolution works, i.e. when they conduct experiments on natural
selection with fruit flies or microbes, they use terms from functional
biology: gene action, relative fecundity, sperm velocity, etc. The term
“fitness” plays no part at that point. Yet if these experiments are
unsuccessful then “fitness” becomes circular and thus lacks explanatory
value at its proper level of usage.

Is there any level at which “fitness” has explanatory value?
The assertion is made that survival to reproduce is the primary factor in
measuring the results of natural selection, so we have fitness resulting
in survival to reproduce and survival to reproduce being used to measure
fitness. As you say, a circular definition. Behind this is the idea that
more reproduction is good. But if we just think of reproduction rate as
one variable involved in the continuation of a species, neither good nor
bad in itself, we can see that like any other variable involved in
survival, too little of it can lead to decreased numbers of members of a
species, and for other reasons too much of it can also lead to fewer
members. What is the right or best number of members? Who knows? That all
depends on circumstances and the criteria used to define “best”
or “right.”

The terms from functional biology, as you describe them, are reports on
phenomena. These reports can enable us to predict the degree of survival
to reproduce, but they say nothing about whether reproduction at any
particular rate will be good for the species. If the survival rate is
greater than the rate at which essential resources can be replaced, the
population will decrease until its consumption of essential resources is
in equilibrium with the replacement rate, or perhaps it will oscillate up
and down, or perhaps it will decrease so rapidly that the species goes
extinct before equilibrium is reached. Is one of these outcomes
preferable to the others? If you are a member of a different species that
competes with the one in question for resources, then you will prefer the
third possibility. If you’re a member of one of the species being
analyzed, you may prefer the first one.

In any event, preferences, if they exist in the species, are what will
make the difference between outcomes, not reproduction rate. If we prefer
that the human race shall continue in existence, then we will try to
adjust many variables that affect this outcome. There are things we can
do to conserve or increase resources, but the main factor affecting them
is how many people are using them, relative to the rate at which they can
be replaced. Population, if allowed to increase without limit, will
outstrip any attempt to conserve resources or replace them faster. So, as
Malthus saw in a narrower context, one way or another the net rate of
reproduction will decrease until the population is in equilibrium with
the resources. We will either have people dying from starvation or thirst
or heat or cold or preventable diseases or ingestion of industrial wastes
at the same rate they are being born, or we will have people creating new
people at that same net rate without the need for large numbers to die
before their time. Either way, the population will level off and the
available resources will be just enough to sustain them.

Then the question becomes “What kind and what level of consumption
do we want to sustain?” We could choose to sustain the largest
possible population at a level of consumption just barely sufficient to
keep all of the current generation alive for some limited time, or we
could choose a lower population with more resources of higher qualtity
available to each one in greater abundance during a longer lifetime.

Unfortunately there are confusions originating in religion and custom
that currently prevent the acceptance of these simple facts. There is no
widely accepted concept of the human condition that would supercede
simple judgments based on short-term personal preferences, beliefs, and
wishes regarding the immediate world or an imagined eternity. The human
race needs to develop its system concepts to a much higher degree than is
done now.

Or perhaps we can only wait and see whether that level of consciousness
develops and becomes effective in enough people – in time.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Martin Lewitt )2010.06.13.0739 MDT)]

[From Bill Powers )2010.06.12.1129 MDT)]

Ted Cloak
tcloak@UNM.EDU,2010.06.11.1130MST

TC: Evolutionary
biologists use
the term “fitness” when they talk about evolutionary events; i.e.,
events
of natural selection “in the wild”. But when they get down to how
evolution works, i.e. when they conduct experiments on natural
selection with fruit flies or microbes, they use terms from functional
biology: gene action, relative fecundity, sperm velocity, etc. The term
“fitness” plays no part at that point. Yet if these experiments are
unsuccessful then “fitness” becomes circular and thus lacks explanatory
value at its proper level of usage.

Is there any level at which “fitness” has explanatory value?
The assertion is made that survival to reproduce is the primary factor
in
measuring the results of natural selection, so we have fitness
resulting
in survival to reproduce and survival to reproduce being used to
measure
fitness. As you say, a circular definition. Behind this is the idea
that
more reproduction is good. But if we just think of reproduction rate as
one variable involved in the continuation of a species, neither good
nor
bad in itself, we can see that like any other variable involved in
survival, too little of it can lead to decreased numbers of members of
a
species, and for other reasons too much of it can also lead to fewer
members. What is the right or best number of members? Who knows? That
all
depends on circumstances and the criteria used to define “best”
or “right.”

The terms from functional biology, as you describe them, are reports on
phenomena. These reports can enable us to predict the degree of
survival
to reproduce, but they say nothing about whether reproduction at any
particular rate will be good for the species. If the survival rate is
greater than the rate at which essential resources can be replaced, the
population will decrease until its consumption of essential resources
is
in equilibrium with the replacement rate, or perhaps it will oscillate
up
and down, or perhaps it will decrease so rapidly that the species goes
extinct before equilibrium is reached. Is one of these outcomes
preferable to the others? If you are a member of a different species
that
competes with the one in question for resources, then you will prefer
the
third possibility. If you’re a member of one of the species being
analyzed, you may prefer the first one.

In any event, preferences, if they exist in the species, are what will
make the difference between outcomes, not reproduction rate. If we
prefer
that the human race shall continue in existence, then we will try to
adjust many variables that affect this outcome. There are things we can
do to conserve or increase resources, but the main factor affecting
them
is how many people are using them, relative to the rate at which they
can
be replaced. Population, if allowed to increase without limit, will
outstrip any attempt to conserve resources or replace them faster. So,
as
Malthus saw in a narrower context, one way or another the net rate of
reproduction will decrease until the population is in equilibrium with
the resources. We will either have people dying from starvation or
thirst
or heat or cold or preventable diseases or ingestion of industrial
wastes
at the same rate they are being born, or we will have people creating
new
people at that same net rate without the need for large numbers to die
before their time. Either way, the population will level off and the
available resources will be just enough to sustain them.

So? There may still be differential levels of fitness, with the more
fit contribution a higher proportion to the next generation. There is
within species competition, even when the carrying capacity of an
environment has been reached. None of this is new. The human species
has a small effective population size estimated at 10,000 to 15,000.
Once the leading hypothesis was a population bottleneck in the past,
but that has become untenable, and now the leading hypothesis is group
competition, extermination or displacement to marginal resources, and
group extinction causing the loss in diversity. Even if one is in
denail about routine genocides of other groups, displacement to
marginal resources is not much different, the deaths are by starvation,
thirst, heat, cold, disease, etc.

Then the question becomes “What kind and what level of consumption
do we want to sustain?” We could choose to sustain the largest
possible population at a level of consumption just barely sufficient to
keep all of the current generation alive for some limited time, or we
could choose a lower population with more resources of higher qualtity
available to each one in greater abundance during a longer lifetime.

Or we could keep growing the population AND improving our standard of
living, WHILE decreasing consumption. I don’t know if you have seen
that piece of propaganda being foisted upon our public schools called
“Stuff”. It starts with the Ipod as an example of conspicuous
consumption, the heart of which is made from sand. I’ve got over
100lbs of vinyl, plus a turntable, amplifier and speakers to contrast
with the Ipod that show that consumption can be decreased while living
standards improved. Similarly for the reduced consumption and
increased standards associated with telecommuting, in home
entertainment via the internet and cable or satellite, etc.

Unfortunately there are confusions originating in religion and custom
that currently prevent the acceptance of these simple facts. There is
no
widely accepted concept of the human condition that would supercede
simple judgments based on short-term personal preferences, beliefs, and
wishes regarding the immediate world or an imagined eternity. The human
race needs to develop its system concepts to a much higher degree than
is
done now.

Or perhaps we can only wait and see whether that level of consciousness
develops and becomes effective in enough people – in time.

Perhaps we just need to accept the ethics of personal responsibility.
If you can’t afford the children, don’t have them, and if you do have
them, don’t expect any help. Personal responsibility seems a far more
moral and less harsh position than forcing the responsible to pay to
unnaturally support the children of the irresponsible at the expense of
having less resources to invest in ones own while having a coercive
policy of restrictions on reproduction resulting from an allegedly
higher “level of consciousness”.

Ted has made a nice find in this Rosenberg article, because the authors
parallels of the problems of evolution and intentional psychology are
compelling and sobering:

"Evolutionary theory starts with two advantages: it embodies
explicitly stated generalizations

to which all biologists accord nomological force; it has already been
successfully linked to non-evolutionary theories about objects in its
domain, and these give it some limited promise of increasing its
predictive content. Intentional psychology embodies no agreed laws or
approximations to them, and has not yet been linked to any
non-intentional theory about intentional states that will improve its
chances of increased predictive content. Without such theoretical
companionship, it cannot be expected to break out of the predictive
limitations to which all parties now agree it is subject."

What does PCT offer to improve on other theories of intentional
psychology, perhaps those laws or approximations to laws? Is it more
likely to have identifiable neurobiological correlates to its
structure? I think answers to these questions would be the path
forward to wider acceptance of PCT. Otherwise it is just another
intentional psychology theory where “our clearest source of data for
estimating the intentional states of an agent comes from his verbal
behavior” which are less reliable than “movements of the whole body
provide”.

regards,

Martin L
···

Best,

Bill P.

[From Bill Powers (2010.06.13.0859 MDT)]

Martin Lewitt )2010.06.13.0739
MDT) –

ML: So? There may still be
differential levels of fitness, with the more fit contribution a higher
proportion to the next generation. There is within species
competition, even when the carrying capacity of an environment has been
reached. None of this is new. The human species has a small
effective population size estimated at 10,000 to 15,000. Once the
leading hypothesis was a population bottleneck in the past, but that has
become untenable, and now the leading hypothesis is group competition,
extermination or displacement to marginal resources, and group extinction
causing the loss in diversity. Even if one is in denail about
routine genocides of other groups, displacement to marginal resources is
not much different, the deaths are by starvation, thirst, heat, cold,
disease, etc.

BP: What I’m proposing is that our intentions can have a lot more
influence than any supposed impersonal laws of evolution. And maybe
always have had since we became human. For one thing, “carrying
capacity” is relevant only if we choose always to increase our
consumption in a mindless way until carrying capacity sets a limit to
further increases, and “differential levels of fitness” are all
that determine whether an otherwise viable person lives or dies. Human
nature is what we decide it shall be. We’ve made some pretty poor
decisions – assuming, of course, that most people are even aware that
there are decisions to be made at the system concept level.

BP earlier:Then the question
becomes “What kind and what level of consumption do we want to
sustain?” We could choose to sustain the largest possible
population at a level of consumption just barely sufficient to keep all
of the current generation alive for some limited time, or we could choose
a lower population with more resources of higher qualtity available to
each one in greater abundance during a longer lifetime.

ML: Or we could keep growing the population AND improving our standard of
living, WHILE decreasing consumption.

BP: I don’t think it’s profitable to base important principles on faith
or imagination. There are physical limitations and other tradeoffs among
those three factors. Part of my own definition of a high standard of
living, for example, is having enough space to be alone when that’s what
I need, and another is not having to fight someone else for every scrap
of food or drop of water.

ML: I don’t know if you have
seen that piece of propaganda being foisted upon our public schools
called “Stuff”. It starts with the Ipod as an example of
conspicuous consumption, the heart of which is made from
sand. I’ve got over 100lbs of vinyl, plus a turntable,
amplifier and speakers to contrast with the Ipod that show that
consumption can be decreased while living standards improved. Similarly
for the reduced consumption and increased standards associated with
telecommuting, in home entertainment via the internet and cable or
satellite, etc.

I don’t know about this line of argument. I don’t think iPods or the
other things are made by pouring sand into little molds and tamping it
down a bit. Isn’t Intel the largest user of water in Albuquerque? For me
the question isn’t how we can accomodate an ever-expanding population by
increasing efficiency, lowering power consumption, decreasing waste
disposal, and so forth, though all of those are good things. I just
wonder what’s so wonderful about increasing the population – without
limit, according to some moral authorities. What’s so good about using up
all the resources we can possibly use as fast as we can? What’s so good
about being in never-ending conflict with everyone else?

BP earlier: … The human race
needs to develop its system concepts to a much higher degree than is done
now.

Or perhaps we can only wait and see whether that level of consciousness
develops and becomes effective in enough people – in
time.

ML: Perhaps we just need to accept the ethics of personal responsibility.

I totally agree. I feel personally responsible for trouble that I cause
for other people, not just for myself. I think that a society in which
everyone prospers is the society I’d like to live in – not one where
it’s every man for himself and the devil take the hindmost. I think the
best world is the one based on mutual support and encouragement, not
cold-hearted and self-centered competition.

ML: If you can’t afford the
children, don’t have them, and if you do have them, don’t expect any
help.

BP: Well, I think that’s pretty immoral thinking, letting babies die as
an object-lesson for offending parents. I wouldn’t do that, no matter how
wrong I thought the parents were for having children when they clearly
couldn’t raise them. I don’t think you would either, if faced with the
concrete situation.

ML: Personal responsibility
seems a far more moral and less harsh position than forcing the
responsible to pay to unnaturally support the children of the
irresponsible at the expense of having less resources to invest in ones
own while having a coercive policy of restrictions on reproduction
resulting from an allegedly higher “level of
consciousness”.

BP: You can’t have it both ways. I’m all for personal responsibility, but
for me that includes letting other people be responsible too, not trying
to run their lives for them or make decisions for them. However, it also
includes a willingness to help those who make mistakes, if I can and am
asked, and to protect the helpless. I don’t expect everyone to be perfect
like me.

ML: What does PCT offer to
improve on other theories of intentional psychology, perhaps those laws
or approximations to laws? Is it more likely to have identifiable
neurobiological correlates to its structure? I think answers
to these questions would be the path forward to wider acceptance of
PCT. Otherwise it is just another intentional psychology theory
where “our clearest source of data for estimating the intentional
states of an agent comes from his verbal behavior” which are less
reliable than “movements of the whole body
provide”.

BP: That’s a bit annoying, Martin. You’ve had plenty of time to learn how
PCT ties intention to neurophysiology, which it does better than any
theory has ever done before it. Do you really think that the basis of PCT
is “verbal behavior?” Have you gone through the demos in LCS3?
I’ve been told by a neuroscientist that the control-system diagrams are
“very biological” and that the demonstrations are
“astonishing” in their predictive power. PCT is all about the
CNS. Name me another theory that works as well to explain how the brain
works, or that predicts behavior as well.

I sense that the fly in the ointment here is an ideology called
Libertarianism. Some good thinking has come out of that movement, but so
have some really unpleasant excesses. There’s a thread of Me First
selfishness running through it, which appeals to those who just want to
get others off their backs so they can do anything they like (such as, if
I remember right, importing defective cars from India to sell them at a
great profit to any suckers in the US who will buy them). When someone
rails against regulations, the first thing I would like to ask is what it
is that this person wants to do that is against existing regulations. If
I could get an answer, I would like to retain the option of finding a way
to nail the bastard if he actually did it. Not every regulation makes
sense, but having no regulations at all makes no sense at all.

Please, you guys out there, stop writing provocative posts. I have only
about four weeks to get my presentations ready for Manchester and I still
don’t have the working model of classical conditioning that I promised.
Nor have I yet pared the paper for the other presentation (BABCP) down to
a length that can be presented and discussed in the time available. And
I’m still not sure whether I will be there in person to do it, or will
have to telecommunicate, because I can’t find the figures telling me
whether a portable O2 concentrator will deliver enough stuff using a
feasible number of batteries to get me across the Atlantic at 8000 ft.
effective altitude. I see my pulmonologist tomorrow, and maybe he will
settle the issue.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.13.0945)]

Martin Lewitt (2010.06.13.0739 MDT)

Bill Powers (2010.06.12.1129 MDT)--

...
BP: In any event, preferences, if they exist in the species, are what will
make the difference between outcomes, not reproduction rate. If we
prefer that the human race shall continue in existence, then we will try
to adjust many variables that affect this outcome. There are things we
can do to conserve or increase resources, but the main factor affecting
them is how many people are using them, relative to the rate at which
they can be replaced... We will either have people dying from starvation
or thirst or heat or cold or preventable diseases or ingestion of industrial
wastes at the same rate they are being born, or we will have people
creating new people at that same net rate without the need for large
numbers to die before their time. Either way, the population will level
off and the available resources will be just enough to sustain them.

ML: So?

Clearly this scenario is not a disturbance to the system concept you
control for.

BP: Unfortunately there are confusions originating in religion and custom
that currently prevent the acceptance of these simple facts. There is no
widely accepted concept of the human condition that would supercede
simple judgments based on short-term personal preferences, beliefs,
and wishes regarding the immediate world or an imagined eternity. The
human race needs to develop its system concepts to a much higher
degree than is done now.

Or perhaps we can only wait and see whether that level of consciousness
develops and becomes effective in enough people -- in time.

Perhaps we just need to accept the ethics of personal responsibility.

If you can't afford the children, don't have them, and if you do have them,
don't expect any help.

Sounds great. But how do expect people to do that without getting any
help from others? Are people just supposed to know how many kids
their resources and earning power can support? It seems to me that
they would have to learn this from others, such as parents, teachers,
elders in general. And once they've learned this, and realize that
they can't afford children, don't they have to learn from others that
the cause of children is sex? And once they've learned this are they
supposed to abstain from having sex ? And if not, don't they have to
learn (from others) how to have sex without having children? And don't
virtually all methods of preventing pregnancy require some cooperation
from others? And don't all these methods have some chance of failure?
And if there is failure, don't the ways of dealing with these failures
require some kind of cooperation from others (people willing to adopt,
skilled enough to perform abortions, etc).

I think what you call "personal responsibility" is great but it seems
to me that, if you think about it a bot, you'll see that having
personal responsibility requires a huge amount of cooperation from
others. That is, it requires understanding that we are part of a
system; a collection of interdependent individuals, of which each of
us is one. So I'm with Bill on this: "The human race really needs to
develop its system concepts to a much higher degree than is done now".
Bill's essay [Bill Powers (2010.06.12.1129 MDT)] is, I think, a
brilliant illustration of how PCT theory can help with this.

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0523 MDT)]

[From Bill Powers (2010.06.13.0859 MDT)]

Martin Lewitt )2010.06.13.0739 MDT) --

BP: What I'm proposing is that our intentions can have a lot more influence than any supposed impersonal laws of evolution. And maybe always have had since we became human. For one thing, "carrying capacity" is relevant only if we choose always to increase our consumption in a mindless way until carrying capacity sets a limit to further increases, and "differential levels of fitness" are all that determine whether an otherwise viable person lives or dies. Human nature is what we decide it shall be. We've made some pretty poor decisions -- assuming, of course, that most people are even aware that there are decisions to be made at the system concept level.

That is naive. If you are thinking we can decide what human nature shall be, you are going be as frustrated and disappointed as Stalin or Hitler or the women's lib movement were. You will have to do serious culling for several generations. Women (or should I say bitches) are as objectified and dehumanized as ever. People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol and it is applauded and celebrated as snarkiness. Evolution hasn't just left us with individual natures, but with social group natures that aren't very pretty. Individually, we are merely selfish, socially, don't be fooled by the parochial altruism, the in-group discipline is punishing and can be viscous and towards the outgroup we are genocidal. When it comes to abstract communal social ideals, evolution has left us less than half formed. Here is a recent revelation, from the journal Science:

Oxytocin and Intergroup Conflict

"Human society is organized into groups, such as those based on nationality or religion, which can lead to intergroup conflicts, with sometimes devastating consequences. Intergroup conflict engages a human behavior termed parochial altruism: For example, a soldier who fights against the enemy at risk to themselves to protect their country is a parochial altruist. De Dreu et al. (p. 1408; see the cover; see the News story by Miller) have discovered a role for oxytocin, a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus, in regulating parochial altruism during human intergroup competition and conflict. Oxytocin is already known to play a role in trusting behavior, and naturally occurring genetic variants of the oxytocin receptor exist within the human population. Administration of oxytocin modulated defense-related aggression toward competing groups, but did not affect unprovoked, hateful behavior. Thus, there may be a neurobiological basis for intergroup conflict in humans."

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/328/5984/1408
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/328/5984/1343-a

ML: What does PCT offer to improve on other theories of intentional psychology, perhaps those laws or approximations to laws? Is it more likely to have identifiable neurobiological correlates to its structure? I think answers to these questions would be the path forward to wider acceptance of PCT. Otherwise it is just another intentional psychology theory where "our clearest source of data for estimating the intentional states of an agent comes from his verbal behavior" which are less reliable than "movements of the whole body provide".

BP: That's a bit annoying, Martin. You've had plenty of time to learn how PCT ties intention to neurophysiology, which it does better than any theory has ever done before it. Do you really think that the basis of PCT is "verbal behavior?" Have you gone through the demos in LCS3? I've been told by a neuroscientist that the control-system diagrams are "very biological" and that the demonstrations are "astonishing" in their predictive power. PCT is all about the CNS. Name me another theory that works as well to explain how the brain works, or that predicts behavior as well.

I was actually suggesting that PCT might be a candidate for the "laws" that Roseberg thought were needed. But even you have to acknowledge that trying to infer 11 or 12 layers of control hierarchy from just a finite amount of behavior is a poorly constrained problem. And as far as divining them verbally, we aren't always insightful or honest about ourselves or to others. The problem is totally unconstrained if you are going to insist that our intentions are unbounded by human nature. I thought I was the one that wanted to be free, but at least, I still wanted to be me.

PCT does well at the demonstration tasks, and those may give insight into how higher layers of the hierarchy also work, but I don't think Rosenberg was wrong to compare the complexity of predicting in intentional psychology to that of the fitness-environment. We might be able to find something that could be neurobiological correlates of the 11 or 12 layers of hierarchy. I wouldn't be surprised if that were the scale of the complexity of the human brain. But does PCT yet have the predictive power of complex human behavior of even something from folk psychology such as the Myers-Briggs test? That is a pretty low bar.

I sense that the fly in the ointment here is an ideology called Libertarianism. Some good thinking has come out of that movement, but so have some really unpleasant excesses. There's a thread of Me First selfishness running through it, which appeals to those who just want to get others off their backs so they can do anything they like (such as, if I remember right, importing defective cars from India to sell them at a great profit to any suckers in the US who will buy them).

See you are quick to resort to simple categories and stereo types. Perhaps we should appreciate the me-first thread of human nature a little more, the social side of human nature can be pretty ugly. Those cars from India would be much safer than a motorcycle and carry 4 US adults (5 in India) at one-third the price. They'd be a bit under powerd for US tastes but only exceeded by the 4 or 5 current US models in fuel economy at less than an eighth of what those models cost. In my search for fuel economy, I found myself really concerned about the safety and all-weather comfort of the motor scooters or cycles, I sure would like the option of one of those cars from India, even if it doesn't meet US safety regulations. I hope you do realize that even with its braking and accelerator issues, that the Prius is safer than a motorcycle. Or perhaps you think motorcycles should be banned? What next, bicycles?

When someone rails against regulations, the first thing I would like to ask is what it is that this person wants to do that is against existing regulations. If I could get an answer, I would like to retain the option of finding a way to nail the bastard if he actually did it. Not every regulation makes sense, but having no regulations at all makes no sense at all.

I never said "no" regulations. In fact, I happen to favor anti-trust regulations and think unions should no longer be exempt. The cars from India should be street legal, in the sense of having a headlight, brakes, windshield wipers and the proper bumper height, actually, I don't think the US has done a good job on that bumper height thing yet.

Please, you guys out there, stop writing provocative posts. I have only about four weeks to get my presentations ready for Manchester and I still don't have the working model of classical conditioning that I promised. Nor have I yet pared the paper for the other presentation (BABCP) down to a length that can be presented and discussed in the time available. And I'm still not sure whether I will be there in person to do it, or will have to telecommunicate, because I can't find the figures telling me whether a portable O2 concentrator will deliver enough stuff using a feasible number of batteries to get me across the Atlantic at 8000 ft. effective altitude. I see my pulmonologist tomorrow, and maybe he will settle the issue.

Good luck on that,

regards,
      Martin L

···

Best,

Bill P.

[Martin Taylor 2010.06.14.08.43]

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0523 MDT)]
People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol and it is applauded and celebrated as snarkiness.

If that has been your experience, I feel very sorry for you. In my experience the behaviour you describe is extremely rare, and found mainly in Fox News commentators, and approval for the behaviour is even rarer.

What a distressing world it would be if it were normal that "People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol."

Martin

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0708)]

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.13.0945)]

Martin Lewitt (2010.06.13.0739 MDT)

Bill Powers (2010.06.12.1129 MDT)--
       
If you can't afford the children, don't have them, and if you do have them,
don't expect any help.
     

Sounds great. But how do expect people to do that without getting any
help from others? Are people just supposed to know how many kids
their resources and earning power can support? It seems to me that
they would have to learn this from others, such as parents, teachers,
elders in general. And once they've learned this, and realize that
   they can't afford children, don't they have to learn from others that
the cause of children is sex? And once they've learned this are they
supposed to abstain from having sex ? And if not, don't they have to
learn (from others) how to have sex without having children? And don't
virtually all methods of preventing pregnancy require some cooperation
from others? And don't all these methods have some chance of failure?
And if there is failure, don't the ways of dealing with these failures
require some kind of cooperation from others (people willing to adopt,
skilled enough to perform abortions, etc).
   
Historically, parents seem to know how many children they can support. Perhaps it is the hard times that tell them. There have been studies of third world women in hard circumstances that show they bond much less with the new babies during hard times and invest in the children that have already made it through the precarious early years. The older children get the food first, and the younger will make it or not depending on whether enough is left. Today, when they have a choice, women seem to choose conception, or abortion before birth, some, selfishly for a higher living standard, others, perhaps out of high minded evironmental concerns, or out of consideration that humans are a scourge upon the earth.

Humans are social animals, so parents that are evolutionarily fit, have been so in a social environment of varying degrees. The amount of unconditional help available or individual responsibility expected in the environment is one of the things they will consider. A society where most individual behavior is responsible, will probably have less trouble accommodating the occasional failure or mistake, and not just because the failures and mistakes will be fewer.

I think what you call "personal responsibility" is great but it seems
to me that, if you think about it a bot, you'll see that having
personal responsibility requires a huge amount of cooperation from
others. That is, it requires understanding that we are part of a
system; a collection of interdependent individuals, of which each of
us is one. So I'm with Bill on this: "The human race really needs to
develop its system concepts to a much higher degree than is done now".
Bill's essay [Bill Powers (2010.06.12.1129 MDT)] is, I think, a
brilliant illustration of how PCT theory can help with this.
   
The huge amount of cooperation seems manageable by most humans, it is perhaps only overwhelming to earnest, well intentioned central planners. The free market system with some regulation to reduce externalities and information costs. A philosophy of minimal enlightened interference in this emergent market phenomenon would seem to provide the basis for the desired system concept. There is a good case for less unenlightened inteference, since many market crises, bubbles and imbalances can be traced to them. But there are also things we don't understand yet. The system seems to have the potential capacity to produce enough surpluses with which it has a chance to out compete and defeat the virulent systems that human social vulnerabilities seem to frequently produce. As discussed in the past, I think the fiat money system is definitely in need of reform.

Humans have managed their populations at near the carrying capacity of their environment before, then then innovated with agriculture. People in wealthier nations already are limiting their population by voluntary means and significantly increasing their efficiency in utilizing resources, often surprisingly rapidly in response to price signals. With any luck there will be more price signals in the future.

regards,
     Martin L.

···

Best

Rick

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0714 MDT)]

[Martin Taylor 2010.06.14.08.43]

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0523 MDT)]
People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol and it is applauded and celebrated as snarkiness.

If that has been your experience, I feel very sorry for you. In my experience the behaviour you describe is extremely rare, and found mainly in Fox News commentators, and approval for the behaviour is even rarer.

How snarky of you. You haven't visited a progressive blog recently. Try Huffington Post or Pharyngula.

What a distressing world it would be if it were normal that "People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol."

When they are the same ones spouting anti-semitism, cynically encourging and exploiting racial, ethnic and class identity, eschewing constitutional limitations and advocating central planning it is especially distressing.

-- Martin L

···

Martin

[Martin Taylor 2010.06.14.09.55]

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0714 MDT)]

[Martin Taylor 2010.06.14.08.43]

[From Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0523 MDT)]
People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol and it is applauded and celebrated as snarkiness.

If that has been your experience, I feel very sorry for you. In my experience the behaviour you describe is extremely rare, and found mainly in Fox News commentators, and approval for the behaviour is even rarer.

How snarky of you. You haven't visited a progressive blog recently. Try Huffington Post or Pharyngula.

True, I haven't. I mention what I have seen played on TV. The simple fact is that the only hateful, vicious, lying, inciting to violence commentary I have seen seems to come from Fox News and from religious fundamentalists of various faiths (excluding Buddhists). I can comment only on what I have observed.

Incidentally, since you mention political blogs, did you see the network analysis done during the 2004 election of which blogs referenced which other blogs? It was very interesting that the blogs deemed "conservative" referenced mainly other "conservative" blogs, whereas the blogs deemed "liberal" distributed their references fairly well across both sides of the political spectrum. Of course this says nothing about whether the references were approving or disapproving, but it does suggest that there is an effect worth examining further.

What a distressing world it would be if it were normal that "People we merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol."

When they are the same ones spouting anti-semitism, cynically encourging and exploiting racial, ethnic and class identity, eschewing constitutional limitations and advocating central planning it is especially distressing.

I haven't the faintest idea of what you are talking about. I haven't met anyone like that in my whole life, so far as I know. Though I'm bewildered as to how the constellation of ideas you call "hateful, demonizing, and mocking with spitting vitrion" relate either to each other or to your description of them. My world is far more courteous than the appalling one in which you seem to live. I hope it stays that way.

Martin

[From Rick Marken (2010.06.14.0815)]

Martin Taylor (2010.06.14.09.55)--

Martin Lewitt (2010.06.14.0714 MDT)--

[Martin Taylor 2010.06.14.08.43]

What a distressing world it would be if it were normal that "People we
merely disagree with are hated, demonized and mocked with spitting vitriol."

When they are the same ones spouting anti-semitism, cynically encourging
and exploiting racial, ethnic and class identity, eschewing constitutional
limitations and advocating central planning it is especially distressing.

I haven't the faintest idea of what you are talking about.

I think he's talking about Fox News (cynically encouraging and
exploiting racial, ethnic and class identity by giving plenty of air
time and credibility to the birthers and Tea Party and eschewing
constitutional limitations on torture, guns and money in politics) and
the PBS News hour (spouting anti-semitism by not saying nice things
about Israel's efforts at ethnic cleansing and advocating central
planning in the form of taking health care reform seriously).

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken PhD
rsmarken@gmail.com
www.mindreadings.com