[From Chris Cherpas (990811.1130 PT)]
Chris Cherpas (990810.2300 PT)--
I think I'm alone on this... From an evolutionary
perspective, whatever can spread throughout a population
and perpetuate over time is what is "valuable."
Bill Powers (990811.0852 MDT)--
Right, but why "should" a species survive?
It's ad hoc, but there's no way around it: What "should be"
or the "good" is what is stable and continues. The question
you raised is not a disembodied proposition existing in
a Platonic space that precedes life. It is the product of
a living system whose basis for raising any questions is
to be found in the process by which life continues. Such
questions can be considered within a language game in which
the rules include assuming that we have a "choice" of already
being committed to life or not, but if there's any choice at
all here, it's whether to play along with that game. Outside
that game, the question strikes me as a pseudo-problem.
Bill Powers (990811.0852 MDT)--
And is improved propagation always a "good" thing for a
species? Would we be better off with 20 billion people
than with 5 billion? Are we better off with 5 billion than we were
with 2 billion? Reproductive success is not always a "good" thing.
I thought I already covered frequency-dependent effects with
the phrase, "...and [can] perpetuate over time." John Maynard Smith
has worked out a game theory analysis of such frequency-dependent
effects and has formulated what he calls an evolutionarily stable
strategy (ESS) -- an adaptation that continues to be stable even
as it reaches a high frequency. If having 20 billion is not stable,
then whatever we're doing to have that frequency is not an ESS, and
hence less valuable than an adaptation without the frequency-dependent
instability.
Bill Powers (990811.0852 MDT)--
When you evaluate goals, you always have to add the contingent clause:
controlling others causes conflict, so you should not control others -- if
your goal is to avoid conflict. If conflict is what you want, then of
course controlling others is a good way to experience conflict. Conflict
can shorten your life, so you should avoid conflict -- if your goal is to
live a long time. Any value has an implied reference condition behind it,
whether it's stated or not.
Following the chain to the end leads to an absurd conclusion: having a
reference for not surviving. How can that be stable? Or let's just
say it's a reference with a very short life! Having references
is the same as having values.
Bill Powers (990811.0852 MDT)--
That's where the "relativity" comes in. I can tell you all kinds of reasons
why "thou shalt not kill" is a "good" commandment. But every reason I give
brings up a new value that also has to be defended, so in the end I'm right
back where I started: it's my preference or it isn't. There's no objective
way to decide whether it's good or bad.
Yes, but having values is where you really started. In the final analysis,
whatever is "objective" has a value, a reference, behind it. To be coherent,
the science is only relatively objective, but is ultimately subjective --
value-based. Science refines our ability to organize towards continuing,
towards stability. To be "coherent" is another way of saying that there
is a minimum of internal conflict and instability.
Bill Powers (990811.0852 MDT)--
This doesn't mean that "anything goes," not if _I_ have anything to say
about it. I have very definite preferences for how people should treat each
other, and I'm willing to put out some effort to persuade others to my
position. I don't need any justification for doing that.
But, on average, you already have that justification from a genic
point of view. Genes will not continue when the vehicles they
build kill each other off. Genes that build vehicles that peacefully
coexist continue. This is not teleological or to say that genes have
a purpose to survive. It merely says that what we call valuable is
a generalization of perceiving what continues and adapts, rather than what
falls apart. If life were not defined by control, it might be different,
but as I see it, there's no way out of the value-based point of view,
even in matters of objectifying perceptions in way we call science.
While I may not know from the current state of PCT what precisely is morally
or ethically better, I can see the general direction, and believe that
it is not a problem that PCT is disqualified from addressing by definition.
The problem does not reduce to individualism, but to "zooism." As I stated
earlier, I think I'm alone on this issue on CSGnet, but time will tell.
So far, I'm not pursuaded otherwise.
Best regards,
cc