Thermodynamics

[From Fred Nickols (2014.08.19.0737 EDT)]

Thanks Rick and Martin. I got it. Now I’ll reread it and see if I get it.

Fred Nickols

···

From: Richard Marken [mailto:rsmarken@gmail.com]
Sent: Monday, August 18, 2014 10:16 PM
To: csgnet@lists.illinois.edu
Subject: Re: Thermodynamics

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.18.1915)]

Warren Mansell wrote:

WM: Hi everyone, here it is. Thank you for introducing us to this excellent paper Martin!

Thanks for posting it Warren (even though I have a hardcopy of it on my shelf). It is an excellent paper indeed!

Fred Nickols (2014.08.181556 EDT)–

FN: That said, I am unclear as to the link between your editorial and thermodynamics. I’m probably missing something.

RM: Here’s the relevant quote. It’s in the section entitled “The necessity of Perceptual Control Theory”

MT: “Our bodies are thermodynamically unstable, and decay away as soon as we cease to act to counter the infuences that would destroy us. Every living thing has ancestors all of whom behaved so that they stabilized their internal chemistry at least long enough to propagate their genes”.

RM: Martin is arguing that PCT is a “necessary” theory because if organisms were not organized as perceptual control systems they would move, per the second law of thermodynamics, toward a state of maximum entropy (disorder); that is, they would disintegrate. I like this argument because it is saying that there is a phenomenon to be explained and that PCT is necessary to explain it. The phenomenon is “negentropy” which is essentially the same as the phenomenon of control.

RM: But I also dislike this argument because I think it is too limited. It is limited to the “thermodynamics” of a system, which mainly involve the “internal chemistry” of the organism (as Martin notes in the quote above). In this internal chemistry world variables like body temperature – which is just molecular motion – will move toward a state of increasing entropy if nothing is done about it; the “laws of thermodynamics” are the main “disturbance” to the states of these variables and a control organization – a negentropy system - is needed to maintain these variables at a constant level of entropy.

RM: But PCT applies not only at the “internal chemistry” level but also at the behavioral level – the level of where the variables that are controlled are not biochemical but perceptual/informational. So at the behavioral level we control variables like our relationships to other people and our political and religious commitments – variables that are totally abstract. The disturbances to these variables are not thermodynamic/entropic; they can be but they are often more abstract, such as words (like “I think your ideas are wrong”) or changes in visual configurations ( as when your loved one walks away in a huff).

RM: So I like the idea of having a section of the paper on “The necessity of Perceptual Control Theory”. But I would rather that the sectoin would have said that PCT is a theory that is “necessary” in order to explain the phenomenon of control, a phenomenon that we see as purposeful behavior.

RM: By the way, I think the thermodynamic “necessity” of control theory has been long recognized in biology/physiology in the idea that the “internal chemistry” of the body is maintained in goal states by a process of control called “homoeostasis”. PCT takes the idea of “homeostasis” outside the body, so to speak, into the world of purposeful behavior in the external environment.

Best regards

Rick

Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.

Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1200)]

···

Martin Taylor (2014.08.18.21.36)–

MT: Section 2, especially the first half. I suppose it could be expanded

into a multi-page mathematical exposition, but those three
paragraphs carry the essence, and say why PCT MUST be correct, if
the laws of thermodynamics are.

RM: I think I could understand your position better if you could explain how the laws of thermodynamics show me that PCT is the correct model of a tracking task.

Best

Rick


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols within communication is a sophisticated system that exists only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may have made between the entropy of a communication and the entropy of a biochemical process sound metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one another.

Warren

···

On Mon, Aug 18, 2014 at 8:38 PM, Martin Taylor mmt-csg@mmtaylor.net wrote:

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.18.22.59]

  On 2014/08/18 10:16 PM, Richard Marken

wrote:

[From Rick Marken
(2014.08.18.1915)]

That's one sentence out of three paragraphs of relevant quote. But

from what you say next, I guess I should have made it three or
thirty pages. I thought I covered everything you mention below, but
I guess it should have been more explicitly boring.

(I don't understand that comment; the "main disturbances" to the

system are not any laws of nature, but events originating outside
the organism that would affect states inside the system were they
not blocked or countered. Such as the examples in your next
paragraph.)

All of which is covered in the Editorial, if not in explicit detail.

If an event outside can change the state of something inside, the
odds are astronomically in favour of the change being in the
direction of increasing entropy. The examples you use are certainly
in that category.

"Control" IS the phenomenon described. It IS what is shown to be

necessary. The word Perceptual IS shown to be important. PCT isn’t
necessary to explain the phenomenon of control; it’s a description
of the process of control…

No, that;'s nonsense. Homeostasis is no more than the kind of

self-organization that is seen in a stream vortex. Yes, it’s
consistent with thermodynamic laws. No, it’s not control, though
many, many, physiological processes ARE control loops that
stabilize some variable.

PCT and homeostasis are conceptually quite distinct. I do believe

that life, in the sense of perceptual control systems that produce
descendants, originally evolved out of homeostatic systems, but
that’s just a hunch.

Besides, PCT works inside and outside the body. Where you have

control you have perceptual control. Where you only have homeostasis
(which can equally involve loops that pass outside the body) you
just have a negative feedback loop sustained by an external energy
supply.

Martin

Warren Mansell
wrote:

          WM:

Hi everyone, here it is. Thank you for introducing us to
this excellent paper Martin!

Thanks for posting it Warren (even though I have a hardcopy
of it on my shelf). It is an excellent paper
indeed!

                 Fred

Nickols (2014.08.181556 EDT)–

                FN:

That said, I am unclear as to the link between your
editorial and thermodynamics. I’m probably missing
something.

          RM: Here's the relevant quote. It's in the section

entitled “The necessity of Perceptual Control Theory”

          MT:

“Our bodies are thermodynamically unstable, and decay away
as soon as we cease to act to counter the infuences that
would destroy us. Every living thing has ancestors all of
whom behaved so that they stabilized their internal
chemistry at least long enough to propagate their genes”.

          RM: Martin is arguing that PCT is a "necessary" theory

because if organisms were not organized as perceptual
control systems they would move, per the second law of
thermodynamics, toward a state of maximum entropy
(disorder); that is, they would disintegrate. I like this
argument because it is saying that there is a phenomenon
to be explained and that PCT is necessary to explain it.
The phenomenon is "negentropy "
which is essentially the same as the phenomenon of
control.

          RM: But I also dislike this argument because I think it

is too limited. It is limited to the “thermodynamics” of a
system, which mainly involve the “internal chemistry” of
the organism (as Martin notes in the quote above). In this
internal chemistry world variables like body temperature
– which is just molecular motion – will move toward a
state of increasing entropy if nothing is done about it;
the “laws of thermodynamics” are the main “disturbance” to
the states of these variables and a control organization

– a negentropy
system - is needed to maintain these variables at a
constant level of entropy.

          RM: But PCT applies not only at the "internal

chemistry" level but also at the behavioral level – the
level of where the variables that are controlled are not
biochemical but perceptual/informational. So at the
behavioral level we control variables like our
relationships to other people and our political and
religious commitments – variables that are totally
abstract. The disturbances to these variables are not
thermodynamic/entropic; they can be but they are often
more abstract, such as words (like “I think your ideas are
wrong”) or changes in visual configurations ( as when your
loved one walks away in a huff).

          RM: So I like the idea of having a section of the paper

on “The necessity of Perceptual Control Theory”. But I
would rather that the sectoin would have said that PCT is
a theory that is “necessary” in order to explain the
phenomenon of control , a phenomenon that we see as
purposeful behavior.

          RM: By the way, I think the thermodynamic "necessity"

of control theory has been long recognized in
biology/physiology in the idea that the “internal
chemistry” of the body is maintained in goal states by a
process of control called “homoeostasis”.

PCT takes the idea of “homeostasis” * outside the
body* , so to speak, into the world of purposeful
behavior in the external environment.

Best regards

Rick


Richard S. Marken ,
Ph.D.

        Author of  [Doing Research on Purpose](http://www.amazon.com/Doing-Research-Purpose-Experimental-Psychology/dp/0944337554/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1407342866&sr=8-1&keywords=doing+research+on+purpose). 

Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.17.19]

On the surface, this seems a trick question, on a par with "Show me

how Newton’s laws of mechanics explain how my car stops at a Stop
sign". I don’t really know what you are asking that I haven’t
already explained.
A perception that is stable is a signal that contributes nothing to
the entropy of the system that includes that signal value. A
disturbance to that signal adds entropy to the system. Control so
that the signal returns to stability reduces the system entropy
again. Control is tracking is control, in the sense that control
reduces the difference between a perceptual signal and its reference
value, and to do so it must oppose a disturbance.
As I say, I’m confused about what you are asking that I hadn’t
already explained.
Martin

···

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1200)]

            Martin Taylor

(2014.08.18.21.36)–

            MT: Section 2, especially the first half. I suppose it

could be expanded into a multi-page mathematical
exposition, but those three paragraphs carry the
essence, and say why PCT MUST be correct, if the laws of
thermodynamics are.

      RM: I think I could understand your position better if you

could explain how the laws of thermodynamics show me that PCT
is the correct model of a tracking task.

Philip 8/19/14 12:50

I don’t want to be rude, but could someone address the question I asked earlier, I would be much obliged.

Now to Rick and Rupert,

Rick:

Philip

Rick, do you mean to imply that the behavior of a living thing is trying to counter the effects of the laws of thermodynamics themselves?

Rick

Rupert

Ultimately, is not the function of perceptual control, at the behavioural level, to acquire energy so that the internal variables can be maintained?

Philip

Do humans need to acquire energy the same way as other organisms? Do you think there is anything “negentropic” about our electromagnetic technologies - not really referring to the computer, but more along the lines of electromagnetic motor technology. I’m sure you guys have heard of Foster Gamble and his THRIVE movement?

Rupert
Humans are “just” very flexible energy acquirers

…flexibility in a competitive environment.

Philip

Now to you, Rupert, is there a distinct boundary between a “competitive environment” and a “dominating environment”. Please comment on the truth or falsehood of the information contained in this statement:

oil barons act to counteract the disturbance posed by anybody who invents a device which would put them out of business.

Rupert, do you know how many death threats people have dealt with? Given this history, would you suppose that the state of technology itself is a controlled variable?

···

the “laws of thermodynamics” are the main “disturbance” to the states of these [internal chemistry] variables.

In this internal chemistry world variables like body temperature – which is just molecular motion – will move toward a state of increasing entropy if nothing is done about it.

          RM: But I also dislike this argument because I think it

is too limited. It is limited to the “thermodynamics” of a
system, which mainly involve the “internal chemistry” of
the organism (as Martin notes in the quote above). In this
internal chemistry world variables like body temperature
– which is just molecular motion – will move toward a
state of increasing entropy if nothing is done about it;
the “laws of thermodynamics” are the main “disturbance” to
the states of these variables and a control organization
– a negentropy
system - is needed to maintain these variables at a
constant level of entropy.

          RM: But PCT applies not only at the "internal

chemistry" level but also at the behavioral level – the
level of where the variables that are controlled are not
biochemical but perceptual/informational. So at the
behavioral level we control variables like our
relationships to other people and our political and
religious commitments – variables that are totally
abstract. The disturbances to these variables are not
thermodynamic/entropic; they can be but they are often
more abstract, such as words (like “I think your ideas are
wrong”) or changes in visual configurations ( as when your
loved one walks away in a huff).

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.17.25]

Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols within communication is a sophisticated system that exists only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may have made between the entropy of a communication and the entropy of a biochemical process sound metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one another.
Warren

It is metaphorical in one sense, but the metaphor is very exact, in that the equations involved are precisely the same. Just the units are different.

It is not metaphorical in another sense, in that the communication of one bit of information costs at least a precisely known amount of energy, with the corresponding entropic implications (I don't remember the formula, but it has been used in fairly recent Science or Nature articles. I seem to remember that the calculation was first done about 30 or 40 years ago.)

It is a great mistake to talk about the "infiormation in" a system. Shannon avoided that mistake, but many followers have not, and Philip repeated it in his comment [Philip 8.18.2014 8:32 PM]. For Shannon, "information" was a change in "Uncertainty". Uncertainty implies an observer, whereas "information" implies communication between a source and a receiver. Communication was what Shannon studied, and he was clear that the information communicated by a particular message depended on what the receiver already "believed" about what the source might transmit -- in the form of a probability distribution. If the transmission changed nothing in the receiver, no information was transmitted.

The receiver need not be animate, of course, but neither is the receiver the calculator of the uncertainty, in the same way that the perceiver in a control loop calculates the degree of control. Both calculations need a separate perceiver. There's no need for the receiver to make any explicit uncertainty calculations in order to receive the message. If the message is "We will meet at 11:30 next Tuesday" and the recipient says "I was absolutely certain of that before you told me", no information was transmitted, despite the approximately 67^33 possible sequences of 33 symbols selected from 52 letters (lower and upper-case), 10 numbers, and about 6 punctuation marks. But if the answer was "Thanks, I knew it was next week, but didn't know when" (other than that meetings always start on the half-hour between 9 and 4:30) then the information transmitted would be -log2(1/5 * 1/16) ~ 6.2 bits.

Shannon's formula for Uncertainty is the physics formula for Entropy (Boltzmann style). Both include the element of prior knowledge, Boltzmann in the scale of subdividision of macrostates into microstates, Shannon into equivalence sets such as between "Next Tuesday" and "Tuesday 26th".

Martin

···

On 2014/08/19 5:16 PM, Warren Mansell wrote:

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.17.49]

[Philip 8.18.2014 10:32 PM]

Martin:

The "error'' is the diference, not between the actual aiming direction and the desired

aiming direction, but between the perception of the aiming direction and its reference

value. It is always perceptions that are controlled, never the outer world states to which

they correspond, even though it is the true values of the outer world states that are

important. The actions of the controller can influence the true values, but it is the

perceptual values derived from the sensors that are compared with the desired values and

controlled. The true values are unknowable, and therefore uncontrollable.

Philip:

Martin, can you comment on what you mean to emphasize by the last sentence here?

Only to make it clear to those who had not previously considered the question (which excludes anyone who has been on this list for more than a few months) that what we sense is not what is "out there" (if anything is). We sense what our sensors give us, which could be misleading, as is teh perceived location of an object when, say, a prism is placed in front of the eye.

It's important, because it is the true values of things in the environment that influence our well-being, but the perceptual values are what can be controlled.

Martin

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.17.57]

Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols within communication is a sophisticated system that exists only in humans and maybe certain other animals.

Warren, does that statement not rather depend on your definition of "symbol". For example, might it not be said that slime molds use symbols to assemble the troops to create a sprouting body? Could not the various shapes on the surface of a virus be said to be symbols that match their receivers on cell bodies?

Of course, neither of these examples use what we usually think of as a "symbol", but unless one is careful about the definition, it is easy to argue that they might be examples of symbol use.

To make your statement true, I suggest either adding "arbitrary" in front of "symbols" in your sentence, or else defining "symbol" to include the notion of an arbitrary configuration or event that has an agreed perceptual effect on the recipient and can be produced by the transmitter.

Martin

···

On 2014/08/19 5:16 PM, Warren Mansell wrote:

[Philip 8/19/14 4:35 PM]

Martin:

Only to make it clear to those who had not previously considered the question (which excludes anyone who has been on this list for more than a
few months) that what we sense is not what is “out there” (if anything is). We sense what our sensors give us, which could be misleading, as is
teh perceived location of an object when, say, a prism is placed in front of the eye.

It’s important, because it is the true values of things in the environment that influence our well-being, but the perceptual values are
what can be controlled.

···

Philip:

Oh, so you must be referring to what’s known as the “map-territory relation”?:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1800)]

···

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 2:16 PM, Warren Mansell wmansell@gmail.com wrote:

WM: Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols within communication is a sophisticated system that exists only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may have made between the entropy of a communication and the entropy of a biochemical process sound metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one another.

RM: This is a great point, Warren. But I think it’s even worse than that. I think saying that PCT is “necessary” because living things violate the second law of thermodynamics (by keeping entropy from increasing – ie. via negentropy) is simply specious (superficially plausible, but actually wrong). It implies that organisms are always acting in a way that reduces entropy (controlling for a decrease in entropy). But it is clear that this is not always the case. One obvious case is the chemist studying thermodynamics who is often controlling for an increase rather than a decrease\ in entropy (using a Bunsen burner, as I recall).

RM: It seems to me that using thermodynamics – negentropy in particular – as a metaphor for control misses the two most important features of the phenomenon of control; controlled variables (because it’s rarely anything that could be called entropy that is controlled) and the fact that the state of the controlled variable is autonomously determined by the organism itself (and it’s not always set to a value that decreases entropy).

Best regards

Rick


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.20.57]

[Philip 8/19/14 4:35 PM]

Martin:

Only to make it clear to those who had not previously considered the question (which excludes anyone who has been on this list for more than a few months) that what we sense is not what is "out there" (if anything is). We sense what our sensors give us, which could be misleading, as is teh perceived location of an object when, say, a prism is placed in front of the eye.

It's important, because it is the true values of things in the environment that influence our well-being, but the perceptual values are what can be controlled.

Philip:

Oh, so you must be referring to what's known as the "map-territory relation"?:

Map–territory relation - Wikipedia

Yes, with the exception that map-makers assume that people using the map could explore the territory, whereas the only evidence we have or can have for what is "out there" is our set of perceptions and how they change as we act. We have and can have only the map.

It's not a new idea. It seems to go back at least to Plato.

Martin

Philip 2014.08.19.21.55

Martin:
Yes, with the exception that map-makers assume that people using the map
could explore the territory, whereas the only evidence we have or can have for what is “out there” is our set of perceptions and how they change as we act. We have and can have only the map.

Philip:

Yes, all we have is the map. Here’s what Gregory Bateson said in relation to the map-territory relationship. (from wikipedia)

Gregory Bateson, in “Form, Substance and Difference”, from Steps to an Ecology of Mind
(1972), argued the essential impossibility of knowing what the territory is, as any understanding of it is based on some representation:

We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring
stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on
the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map; and as you push the question
back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps.
The territory never gets in at all. […] Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, ad infinitum.

Elsewhere in that same volume, Bateson argued that the usefulness of a
map (a representation of reality) is not necessarily a matter of its literal truthfulness, but its having a structure analogous, for the purpose at hand, to the territory. Bateson argued this case at some length in the essay “The Theology of Alcoholics Anonymous”.

To paraphrase Bateson’s argument, a culture that believes that common colds
are transmitted by evil spirits, that those spirits fly out of you when
you sneeze, can pass from one person to another when they are inhaled or when both handle the same objects, etc., could have just as effective
a “map” for public health as one that substituted microbes for spirits.

···

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 5:59 PM, Richard Marken rsmarken@gmail.com wrote:

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1800)]

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 2:16 PM, Warren Mansell wmansell@gmail.com wrote:

WM: Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols within communication is a sophisticated system that exists only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may have made between the entropy of a communication and the entropy of a biochemical process sound metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one another.Â

 RM:  This is a great point, Warren. But I think it’s even worse than that. I think saying that PCT is “necessary” because living things violate the second law of thermodynamics (by keeping entropy from increasing – ie. via negentropy) is simply specious (superficially plausible, but actually wrong). It implies that organisms are always acting in a way that reduces entropy (controlling for a decrease in entropy). But it is clear that this is not always the case. One obvious case is the chemist studying  thermodynamics who is often controlling for an increase rather than a decrease\ in entropy (using a Bunsen burner, as I recall).

RM: It seems to me that using thermodynamics – negentropy in particular – as a metaphor for control misses the two most important features of the phenomenon of control; controlled variables (because it’s rarely anything that could be called entropy that is controlled) and the fact that the state of the controlled variable is autonomously determined by the organism itself (and it’s not always set to a value that decreases entropy).Â

Best regards

RickÂ


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of  Doing Research on Purpose
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.23.00]

Your comment seems unrelated to Warren's, which I answered already.

Who (other than RM) ever said living things violate the second law
of thermodynamics? Nobody in this thread, as far as I remember.
Living things, like everything else in the universe, can’t violate
the second or any other law of thermodynamics, any more than a
refrigerator can, since they all exist in a physical universe, or at
least so we perceive. I suppose that if you believe in miracles or
magic, you might think otherwise, but we usually try to discount
miracles and magic when discussing PCT.
The chemist, like everyone else, is controlling perceptions. What
happens to the entropy of a part of the universe outside his body
hasn’t much relation to the entropy of the inside of his body, other
than the obvious fact that in keeping his internal structure in good
repair (i.e maintaining low internal entropy) implies increasing the
entropy of his environment.
Who is talking about thermodynamics as a metaphor for control? Only
RM, as I read the thread. Who is using the term “negentropy”? Only
RM, unless Philip introduced it in something I skimmed over. Neither
introduction really does anything but trail red herrings about the
place (and that’s a metaphor).
Talking nonsense about physics, such as claiming that living things
violate the laws of thermodynamics, really doesn’t advance the
discussion. As I pointed out earlier, what decreases the entropy of
a living thing is simply the fact that a controlled variable IS
controlled. That’s a plain fact, otherwise known as “the fact of
control”. It’s a matter of life or death. If you don’t keep your
internal entropy low (i.e. if you don’t control perceptions) you
die.
Martin

···

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1800)]

        On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 2:16 PM,

Warren Mansell wmansell@gmail.com wrote:

          WM:

Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information
transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols
within communication is a sophisticated system that exists
only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In
contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to
exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may
have made between the entropy of a communication and the
entropy of a biochemical process sound
metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one
another.

          RM:  This is a great point, Warren. But I think it's

even worse than that. I think saying that PCT is
“necessary” because living things violate the second law
of thermodynamics (by keeping entropy from increasing –
ie. via negentropy) is simply specious ( superficially
plausible, but actually wrong). It implies that
organisms are always acting in a way that reduces
entropy (controlling for a decrease in entropy). But it
is clear that this is not always the case. One obvious
case is the chemist studying thermodynamics who is
often controlling for an increase rather than a
decrease\ in entropy (using a Bunsen burner, as I
recall).

              RM: It seems

to me that using thermodynamics – negentropy in
particular – as a metaphor for control misses the two
most important features of the phenomenon of control;
controlled variables (because it’s rarely anything
that could be called entropy that is controlled) and
the fact that the state of the controlled variable is
autonomously determined by the organism itself (and
it’s not always set to a value that decreases
entropy).

???

Philip [8/19/14 8:32 PM]

Yea, Martin’s absolutely correct, we should stop discussing PCT in relation to thermodynamics. The only last mention I’d like to make about the question of whether or not living things obey or disobey the laws of thermodynamics is to suggest that the laws of thermodynamics are no more
a reality than our perceptions themselves (meaning, we can only understand these laws to represent what is in our minds and not outside). These laws are composed of mathematical formulas with symbols
which refer to physical quantities which we may only understand through
the mapping of signals. But we must also consider that our scientific laws, like our technological tools, are artifacts of perceptual control -
I don’t know exactly what I mean by ‘artifacts’ but I have a feeling the term fits. What I mean to say is that we don’t obey or disobey these laws or technologies any more than we can understand why we constructed them in the first place. Always remember that physical laws
are built and destroyed by the actions of humans. The laws are only maps - they are not the real thing.

P.S. For further reference, entropy cannot be quantified! You can’t just talk about reducing it as if it were some absolutely quantified value. Entropy is like electric potential.

Martin, I hope you didn’t inadvertently skim over my last post. Have you taken a look into Bateson’s work?

···

On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 8:22 PM, Martin Taylor mmt-csg@mmtaylor.net wrote:

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.23.00]

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.19.1800)]

Your comment seems unrelated to Warren’s, which I answered already.

Who (other than RM) ever said living things violate the second law

of thermodynamics? Nobody in this thread, as far as I remember.
Living things, like everything else in the universe, can’t violate
the second or any other law of thermodynamics, any more than a
refrigerator can, since they all exist in a physical universe, or at
least so we perceive. I suppose that if you believe in miracles or
magic, you might think otherwise, but we usually try to discount
miracles and magic when discussing PCT.

The chemist, like everyone else, is controlling perceptions. What

happens to the entropy of a part of the universe outside his body
hasn’t much relation to the entropy of the inside of his body, other
than the obvious fact that in keeping his internal structure in good
repair (i.e maintaining low internal entropy) implies increasing the
entropy of his environment.

???

Who is talking about thermodynamics as a metaphor for control? Only

RM, as I read the thread. Who is using the term “negentropy”? Only
RM, unless Philip introduced it in something I skimmed over. Neither
introduction really does anything but trail red herrings about the
place (and that’s a metaphor).

Talking nonsense about physics, such as claiming that living things

violate the laws of thermodynamics, really doesn’t advance the
discussion. As I pointed out earlier, what decreases the entropy of
a living thing is simply the fact that a controlled variable IS
controlled. That’s a plain fact, otherwise known as “the fact of
control”. It’s a matter of life or death. If you don’t keep your
internal entropy low (i.e. if you don’t control perceptions) you
die.

Martin
        On Tue, Aug 19, 2014 at 2:16 PM,

Warren Mansell wmansell@gmail.com wrote:

          WM:

Hello everyone, I am not an expert in information
transmission, but it strikes me that the use of symbols
within communication is a sophisticated system that exists
only in humans and maybe certain other animals. In
contrast, thermodynamics does not even require life to
exist. So to me, the parallels that cyberneticists may
have made between the entropy of a communication and the
entropy of a biochemical process sound
metaphorical, rather than having any direct bearing on one
another.

          RM:  This is a great point, Warren. But I think it's

even worse than that. I think saying that PCT is
“necessary” because living things violate the second law
of thermodynamics (by keeping entropy from increasing –
ie. via negentropy) is simply specious ( superficially
plausible, but actually wrong). It implies that
organisms are always acting in a way that reduces
entropy (controlling for a decrease in entropy). But it
is clear that this is not always the case. One obvious
case is the chemist studying thermodynamics who is
often controlling for an increase rather than a
decrease\ in entropy (using a Bunsen burner, as I
recall).

              RM: It seems

to me that using thermodynamics – negentropy in
particular – as a metaphor for control misses the two
most important features of the phenomenon of control;
controlled variables (because it’s rarely anything
that could be called entropy that is controlled) and
the fact that the state of the controlled variable is
autonomously determined by the organism itself (and
it’s not always set to a value that decreases
entropy).

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.20.1150)]

···

Martin Taylor 2014.08.19.23.00]

MT: Who (other than RM) ever said living things violate the second law

of thermodynamics?

RM: You’re right. I guess it was just me interpreting the quote in your IJHCS Editorial that way. Here’s what you said there:

MT: Our bodies are thermodynamically unstable, and decay away as soon as we cease to act to counter the influences that would destroy us. Every living thing has ancestors all of whom behaved so that they stabilized their internal chemistry at least long enough to propagate their genes.

RM: I guess I took thermodynamic instability to refer to the second law of thermodynamics, which says that the entropy of an isolated system never decreases. I thought an increase in entropy was analogous to decay and that you were saying that control theory was “necessitated” by the observation that living systems acted to oppose this decay, which I took to be a process that is opposed to an increase in entropy, which I thought was called negentropy.

RM: But on rereading your Editorial I see that you say nothing about the second law or entropy. So I guess I’ll just say that my only criticism of your otherwise excellent editorial is that it developed the concept of control only in terms of protecting the internal chemistry of the body from the “buffeting” of the outside world (the “buffeting” being, II presume, the thermodynamic aspect of your argument). The problem here is that many (most?) of the controlled variables of interest to PCT are protected from the “buffeting” of disturbances that are not thermodynamically related to these variables. For example, my perception of a decent society is buffeted about by the words and actions of people who I perceive as nasty,brutish and short-sighted. But these words and sights have no thermodynamic effect on my perception of a decent society; they have their effect via the computations carried out by my perceptual functions; how I compute a perception of a decent society.

RM: That’s why I asked how your thermodynamic approach to demonstrating the “necessity” of PCT would demonstrate the necessity of a PCT explanation of a simple tracking task. In a tracking task the disturbing effect of a change in the distance between lines is a result of the perceptual function that computes this distance (and the reference that specifies what this distance should be). There is no thermodynamic effect of a disturbance in this situation; certainly not one that could be seen as resulting in “decay” of the variable under control. At least I don’t think so. So I would still be interested in hearing an explanation of how your thermodynamic approach demonstrates the necessity of a PCT account of tracking task.

MT: Who is talking about thermodynamics as a metaphor for control?

RM: I thought you were using thermodynamics – particularly the decay aspect – to demonstrate the necessity of control. I think the decay aspect of thermodynamics is a good way to demonstrate the necessity of control processes for reproduction and survival of living systems, taken as collections of matter. My problem with this approach to demonstrating the necessity of PCT is that it makes it seem that control only applies to the maintenance of variables that are subject to disturbance (decay) as a result of physical (thermodynamic) processes. But there are many perceptual variables, such as the the distance between two lines in a tracking task, that are disturbed, not by thermodynamic decay but simply as a result of variation in the values of the variables (line position, for example) that are the basis of the perception.

MT: Talking nonsense about physics, such as claiming that living things

violate the laws of thermodynamics, really doesn’t advance the
discussion. As I pointed out earlier, what decreases the entropy of
a living thing is simply the fact that a controlled variable IS
controlled. That’s a plain fact, otherwise known as “the fact of
control”. It’s a matter of life or death. If you don’t keep your
internal entropy low (i.e. if you don’t control perceptions) you
die.

RM: I agree. I am just saying that I think your otherwise excellent Editorial would have been even more excellent if you had demonstrated the necessity of PCT in terms of “the fact of control”. The phenomenon of control is more than just keeping your internal entropy low, although it certainly includes that. Control is the general phenomenon of maintaining perceived aspects of the environment (internal and external) in goal states, protected from anything (physical forces or changes in the states of variables that have no physical effect of the controlled perception) that would tend to move this perception from the goal state. And we can see that behaving organisms do this; control is a fact. Therefore we need a control theory to explain this fact.

Best regards

Rick


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.20.17.47]

Did you notice the word "isolated"?

As for the rest of it, there’s no way I know of to help those who do
not wish to be helped, so I leave it at that.
Martin

···

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.20.1150)]

              Martin Taylor

2014.08.19.23.00]

              MT: Who (other than RM) ever said living things

violate the second law of thermodynamics?

            RM: You're right. I guess it was just me interpreting

the quote in your IJHCS Editorial that way. Here’s what
you said there:

              MT:

Our bodies are thermodynamically unstable, and decay
away as soon as we cease to act to counter the
influences that would destroy us. Every living thing
has ancestors all of whom behaved so that they
stabilized their internal chemistry at least long
enough to propagate their genes.

              RM: I guess I took thermodynamic instability to

refer to the second law of thermodynamics, which says
that the entropy of an isolated system never
decreases.

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.20.17.51]

I know the name of Bateson, but I don't think I have ever read

anything of his.
This sounds like a qualitative description of what Shannon put
quantitatively. It’s accurate, but not easy to build on.
This is partly true. Entropy, like electric potential, can’t be
given a value. But again like electric potential, differences in
entropy can be given precise values.
Martin

···

Philip 2014.08.19.21.55

      Per our conversation about information theory, Bateson's

definition of information is oft-quoted. He said:
“information is a difference which makes a difference.” Any
thoughts, anyone?

Philip [8/19/14 8:32 PM]
P.S. For further reference, entropy cannot
be quantified! You can’t just talk about reducing it as if it were
some absolutely quantified value. Entropy is like electric
potential.

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.20.1700)]

···

Martin Taylor (2014.08.20.17.47)–

MT: Did you notice the word “isolated”?

RM: Yes. And apparently I got your point of view basically correct since you say in your last post: “:what decreases the entropy of a living thing is simply the fact that a controlled variable IS controlled”. So you are saying that living systems do decrease their entropy and this decreased entropy indicates that they are control systems. Since the the second law of thermodynamics says that entropy never decreases in an isolated system (such as an organism) you are also saying that organisms violate the second law of thermodynamics. And this violation of the second law shows that organisms do control and that, therefore, PCT is necessary. Why were you saying that I got it wrong? Don’t you like your own explanation anymore?

MT: As for the rest of it, there's no way I know of to help those who do

not wish to be helped, so I leave it at that.

RM: Well, I still would like to know how your thermodynamic point of view shows that control is involved in a simple tracking task. But I imagine that you can’t do that and that that is why you are attributing to me a desire to not be “helped”. Nice.

Best

Rick


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

              RM: I guess I took thermodynamic instability to

refer to the second law of thermodynamics, which says
that the entropy of an isolated system never
decreases.

[From Philip 8.20.14 @ 20:01]

Jesus Christ, you should be ashamed of yourselves. Stop fighting and let’s get to the heart of this.

What is the purpose here? Are we trying to establish exactly “why PCT is necessary”? Is this a quarrel over whether a tracking task or an observation of decay in living organisms establishes the necessity of PCT? I don’t even know. But you guys REALLY seem to be having a blast with this. When I look at these conversations, I truly believe PCT is in a state of crisis. There is only one way to put an end to this.

We all need to answer the following question: what is the most serious threat to PCT? We all know in our heart of hearts that PCT is accurate and true (meaning that: when we came across PCT, we felt intuitively that we knew something which we never knew before). We are absolutely certain that Bill Powers was a good man and that his ideas were powerful. But Bill Powers had died before he had ever seen PCT blossom into fruition. And PCT has still not blossomed. And PCT will not blossom at this rate. We’ve been seeing the same exact sentences describing the meaning of control for decades now.

The meaning of control is basically what Rick said earlier, and earlier before as well, and even earlier than that as well too:

Control is the general phenomenon of maintaining perceived aspects of the environment in goal states, protected from anything that would tend to move this perception from the goal state. AND SO, when we see that behaving organisms do this, we need a control theory to explain this fact.

Very good. We know that PCT explains every observation we have. And it does so WITHOUT exception. Thus, unlike most scientific theories, PCT is essentially immune to falsification. One might even dare to say that it’s on par with quantum mechanics itself. For anybody who thinks that quantum mechanics is one day going to be replaced, let’s just realize that there has never been a single experimental observation EVER which has gone against quantum mechanics. Now, what’s the difference between quantum mechanics and PCT? Why has QM - a theory which has absolutely NO(!!!) intuitive appeal - become a household name, whereas PCT is relegated to obscurity?

I know a tiny bit about the history of science. From what I understand, quantum mechanics was necessitated from a large repertoire of scientific observations. Many of these observations were “accidentally” noticed - meaning that they were unexpected coincidences which just happened to be noticed (although, they NEED NOT have been noticed - as they weren’t specifically the phenomena under scientific investigation). Just picture a namely scientist noticing interesting patterns which he has absolutely no expectation of and making note of them, just for the sake of writing down EVERYTHING he sees. After a while some of the same patterns were noticed by different scientists and then the importance of these coincident observations superceeded the importance of the phenomena originally under investigation. The thing which made these observations so important was that they could not be explained by current theories - in most cases, AT ALL. There was literally no way (even in schizophrenic imagination mode) to describe why these observations would result. For instance, the existence of spectral lines for elements. The concept of quantization needed to be born; thus quantum mechanics was conceived.

Now, Bill invented PCT in an entirely different atmosphere. He conceived the notion “in singularity”, while in the meanwhile, nobody was asking him to do it. Regarding the questions which Bill found answers to…scientists had already managed to find ways of conceptualizing these phenomoena. I’m sorry, but Bill was “too late” - he clearly missed the imaginary opportunity to have arrived on scene BEFORE behaviourism established itself. By the time Bill made his presence known, nobody needed Bill; only Bill needed Bill. Bill needed Bill to answer Bill’s questions.

Now, the reason I asked, “what is the most serious threat to PCT?”, is specifically because PCT is actually the most serious threat to all, and we know this. Nothing destroys PCT; PCT destroys all - theoretically speaking. Let’s not bullshit around and pretend to be skeptics here - Bill didn’t leave enough room for anything to fit inside his margin of error. I have read 40 years of his writings and they are remarkable. Bill exudes mathematical and scientific brilliance. If Bill had studied quantum mechanics with a PCT intellect, he would have invented indescribable things. But Bill didn’t get around to this because he engaged himself in a war with the world. The motherworld, in fact, of behavioral psychology. The Earth.

But there are worlds beyond earth, and where there is intelligent life on these worlds, there is perceptual control. And where there is intelligence, there is mathematics. Math is an interesting thing. How do you describe it? Pure math - the stuff Euclid and Euler and Reimann and Wyles and many contemporaries are effortfully drudging along with - this stuff has no applications. Mathematicians actually boast the fact that their work is “pure” math, with no “applied” aspect. So what good is this math? It’s good math, of course, but what good is it?

What is math anyway? I’m trying to figure it out. So you have classes, you have names for these classes, you have members of these classes, and you have maps to and from the members of these classes. These maps are choices - choices of assignment. We create these maps between members of classes. And class members need to have certain “parameters” to belong to the classes to which they belong - each member of a class must match a defined “reference” parameter in order to belong. And that’s basically the logic aspect of math, logic being the tool with which we define and compare things in math. Now, on top of this stuff about members and classes, you have “representations”. I mentioned the concept of the “map-territory” relation, as if it was about a geographic map, but the concept actually stems from numerology. Representation theory is the concept which birthed the concept of quarks, as quarks were seen to “be” (I must figure out the proper way to phrase this) representations of geometric symmetry classes. I’ve been studying representation theory, along with nuclear chemistry, relativistic optics and electrodynamics, etc. There needs to be a link between quantization and PCT and I think I can find it. It’s going to take me a little time to move through all the material, but somebody’s gotta do it. I only ask that you guys stop fighting with each other over nothing you’ve invented yourselves, and to extend very very deeply into fields of study you have never dared to infiltrate. In my opinion, PCT is not about reinterpreting ECT, but about cutting to the chase - controlling our orientation with respect to the stars.

Rick and Martin (because it’s mainly you two), I promise not to post anything stupid or snobby if you don’t either (we all know I’m the master of the snobby post anyway). Please answer my earlier questions at your own convenience.

I’ll be showing you the progress of my work in math as it becomes available. To let you in on a little secret, I’ve discovered a disturbingly important phenomenon of numerology. As I said, I’ve been after the Reimann zeta function…those damn primes.

Best Regards,

Phil

···

On Wed, Aug 20, 2014 at 5:00 PM, Richard Marken rsmarken@gmail.com wrote:

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.20.1700)]

Martin Taylor (2014.08.20.17.47)–

MT: Did you notice the word “isolated”?

RM: Yes. And apparently I got your point of view basically correct since you say in your last post: “:what decreases the entropy of a living thing is simply the fact that a controlled variable IS controlled”. So you are saying that living systems do decrease their entropy and this decreased entropy indicates that they are control systems. Since the the second law of thermodynamics says that entropy never decreases in an isolated system (such as an organism) you are also saying that organisms violate the second law of thermodynamics. And this violation of the second law shows that organisms do control and that, therefore, PCT is necessary. Why were you saying that I got it wrong? Don’t you like your own explanation anymore?

MT: As for the rest of it, there's no way I know of to help those who do

not wish to be helped, so I leave it at that.

RM: Well, I still would like to know how your thermodynamic point of view shows that control is involved in a simple tracking task. But I imagine that you can’t do that and that that is why you are attributing to me a desire to not be “helped”. Nice.

Best

Rick


Richard S. Marken, Ph.D.
Author of Doing Research on Purpose.
Now available from Amazon or Barnes & Noble

              RM: I guess I took thermodynamic instability to

refer to the second law of thermodynamics, which says
that the entropy of an isolated system never
decreases.

[Martin Taylor 2014.08.21.00.02]

Have you ever imagined an organism that is isolated from the rest of

the universe?
… (waiting for you to think about it)…
What do you see of this organism? What does it see of you?
I will help. The correct answers are nothing in each case. In the
first case because if photons reflected off it, they would change
their momentum and so would the organism; in the second case because
no photons could penetrate it since they would deposit energy into
the thorganism.
Since I showed you not once, but twice, I don’t think your comment
is apposite.
Philip is right that quarreling is unhelpful. Unless you start
Martin

···

[From Rick Marken (2014.08.20.1700)]

            Martin Taylor

(2014.08.20.17.47)–

                            RM: I guess I took thermodynamic

instability to refer to the second law
of thermodynamics, which says that the
entropy of an isolated system never
decreases.

MT: Did you notice the word “isolated”?

          RM: Yes. And apparently I got your point of view

basically correct since you say in your last post: “: what
decreases the entropy of a living thing is simply the
fact that a controlled variable IS controlled”. So you
are saying that living systems do decrease their entropy
and this decreased entropy indicates that they are
control systems. Since the the second law of
thermodynamics says that entropy never decreases in an
isolated system (such as an organism) you are also
saying that organisms violate the second law of
thermodynamics.

          RM: Well, I still would like to know how your

thermodynamic point of view shows that control is involved
in a simple tracking task. But I imagine that you can’t do
that and that that is why you are attributing to me a
desire to not be “helped”. Nice.