Anarchy

[From Bill Powers (2000.04.13.0807 MDT)]

Mike Acree (2000.04.12.1213 PDT)--

You're consistently assuming that overwhelming physical force is the only
thing that could keep people from acting on their desires, but there's
another major one: It's typically very expensive.

Not if you don't pay up, or if you lie about how much it will cost, etc..

My example was preventing people from using marijuana. That will take many
thousands of people, as does the current War on Drugs, who will be placing
their lives at risk. How are you going to get them to do it for free? The
job will be ongoing, so they won't be willing to wait for payment until the
task is done.

Are we talking about the same thing? You're asking what can keep people
from acting on their desires. I thought you were saying that the expense of
acting on their desires was another factor (beside the fear of overwhelming
force) that can keep them from doing it. But people commonly act on their
desires in ways that incur great expenses, and then simply do not pay up.
The only way we have for _making_ them pay up is our ability to apply, as
necessary, overwhelming physical force. When you're asking what the
ultimate determinant is, you have to say, "OK, the expense can be a
discouraging factor. But what if the person gets around that by simply not
paying? The expense then ceases to be a factor." This leads to asking how
the expense can be made into an _unavoidable_ deterrent, and the answer is
that payment is legally _enforced_. So we're back to physical force.

It's too easy to take for granted the underlying agreements that make
social life possible.

Maybe so, but _I_ wasn't taking them for granted.

As I understood the discussion, you took it for granted that if satisfying
a desire entailed great expenses, the person would necessarily _pay_ them.
I was pointing out that this assumption is not warranted if the person
really wants to satisfy the desire; the expense can be blown off, paid with
a bad check, fled from, and so forth. If there were no penalties for
evading the payment, then the expense would no longer be a deterrent. So in
the final analysis we're back to force again.

Who is this "government," anyhow? Doesn't it consist, at the top, of people
you and I elected to office?

Those who are rich enough to afford private schools for their children, if
they are dissatisfied in any way with a given school, can simply put their
children in a different school. Those who are too poor to afford private
schools, if they are dissatisfied with the public school, have to lobby the
school board for change. It is possible for school boards to change, but
you will be exceptionally lucky if you succeed before your children have
graduated.

Sure, some problems with the system can't be solved quickly enough to
prevent further abuses. So what do you do, shoot the school board? If your
concern is with improving the system (even if you can't immediately
benefit), you will vote for a better school board and try to get others to
do the same. Then at least perhaps your grandchildren will have it better.
Note that the rich person who simply shifts a child to a different school
does nothing for the system as a whole, or future generations.

If all the people in Colorado were required to buy the same kind of car, to
be determined by vote, how much effort would you put into campaigning for
your preference? If you were consistently in the minority, would you even
bother voting? Why would you ever favor such a system over one where you
could simply choose what you wanted?

If I didn't like that requirement, I would be working against it. Why waste
your time fighting the effects when you can be working on the cause?

Actually, we _are_ required to buy the same kind of car: we can only buy
cars with headlights, brakes, and emission controls if we want to drive
them on public roads. I very much favor that idea. I would like to keep
cars off the road that do not meet those requirements. And I would like to
see it done in some way other than by shooting the drivers.

Complaining about what "the government" does as if it were some alien race
is simply ineffectual.

Unlike complaining about businessmen as though they were some alien race?

See previous post.

I have always been concerned to try to establish a slope in the right
direction, by which I would mean less arbitrary, or coercive, interference
in our lives. I'm not sure why it would ever have looked otherwise, except
that our discussion has been focused more on the endpoint, where we clearly
diverged.

Yes, and I am coming to the conclusion that these "endpoint" discussions
are of little use. The real questions are about what to do NOW.

You, if I understand, want also to minimize such arbitrary
control of others, but with a big exception made for businessmen.

You don't seem to believe that businessmen try to exert any control over
other people, such as their employees, or people whose air and water they
pollute, or whose money they take for bad products, or politicians, and so
on. Your position seems to be that it's all the fault of politicians, who
put temptation in the way of perfectly innocent businessmen by offering to
take bribes from them.

'Tis so, 'taint so. Enough.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Mike Acree (2000.04.13.1623 PDT)]

Bill Powers (2000.04.13.0807 MDT)--

You're consistently assuming that overwhelming physical force is the

only

thing that could keep people from acting on their desires, but there's
another major one: It's typically very expensive.

<>Not if you don't pay up, or if you lie about how much it will cost, etc..

My example was preventing people from using marijuana. That will take

many

thousands of people, as does the current War on Drugs, who will be placing
their lives at risk. How are you going to get them to do it for free?

The

job will be ongoing, so they won't be willing to wait for payment until

the

task is done.

Are we talking about the same thing? You're asking what can keep people
from acting on their desires. I thought you were saying that the expense of
acting on their desires was another factor (beside the fear of overwhelming
force) that can keep them from doing it. But people commonly act on their
desires in ways that incur great expenses, and then simply do not pay up.
The only way we have for _making_ them pay up is our ability to apply, as
necessary, overwhelming physical force. When you're asking what the
ultimate determinant is, you have to say, "OK, the expense can be a
discouraging factor. But what if the person gets around that by simply not
paying? The expense then ceases to be a factor." This leads to asking how
the expense can be made into an _unavoidable_ deterrent, and the answer is
that payment is legally _enforced_. So we're back to physical force.

I wonder, too, if we're talking about the same thing. My point seems too
simple for us to keep missing each other like this. If you want to wage
your own private War on Drugs--or, more likely, band together with others
who also want to--you may, like any other employer, be able to get away with
not paying your army of drug warriors for the first month, or maybe two.
After that, they're going to be looking for other jobs, and your task has
barely started. I stand by my original point: However much people might
_desire_ to control others on a scale like this, they won't have the
resources. It's only because the government subsidizes people's efforts to
control others, by distributing the cost over those who don't support the
effort, that we get this kind of massive social coercion.

Note that the rich person who simply shifts a child to a different school
does nothing for the system as a whole, or future generations.

You imply that the person who changes the school board benefits the system
as a whole, and future generations. That depends. If I persuade the school
board to teach creationism or sex education, some consumers will be pleased,
others will not. That's the problem with any system where one decision has
to be made for everybody. No parent should have to put up with their
children being taught ideas they disapprove of.

If all the people in Colorado were required to buy the same kind of car,

to

be determined by vote, how much effort would you put into campaigning for
your preference? If you were consistently in the minority, would you even
bother voting? Why would you ever favor such a system over one where you
could simply choose what you wanted?

If I didn't like that requirement, I would be working against it. Why waste
your time fighting the effects when you can be working on the cause?

That's what I see myself doing, however ineffectually.

Mike

[From Mike Acree (2000.0421.1620 PDT)]

Martin Taylor (2000.0413)--

I'm delighted to see someone bringing together Powers and Kauffman, two of
my favorite thinkers. I found both your post to the Net and the speech on
the Web unsatisfying in the same way, however. In both documents you show
extreme patience with the axioms, then catapult over about 10 steps of logic
to a conclusion which isn't even framed in the same terms. Thus I find
nothing to take issue with in your paper on autonomous systems, but the
conclusion--that "cooperation will win out over competition"--seems
completely tacked on, as these terms haven't even been defined. I won't try
to argue that cooperation _won't_ win out over competition, but I'm not
convinced of your conclusion, either. In the first place, it is oddly
self-referential: "Win out over" sounds awfully competitive to me. But
more seriously, as I look around even the nonhuman biological realm, I think
I see as much competition as cooperation; and I don't see any indication
that the former is yielding to the latter in evolution. If you want to
clarify what you meant, I'll be interested.

Similarly I find nothing to take issue with in your post until your
conclusion that anarchy (undefined) is not a viable system. It can be
inferred that what you mean by anarchy is a nonsystem--a society without any
formal institutions or organization regarding contracts and the like. In
that sense your conclusion follows, but too easily: That's not a conception
anyone to my knowledge has ever defended, at least on the Net. The question
is not whether _any_ such institutions are necessary, or will evolve, but
whether such an institution must necessarily be a monopoly. I don't see
that your post addresses this question at all.

A very interesting and important phenomenon throughout the anarchy thread
has been the persistence--the robustness--of false dichotomies. Either a
society is organized with a government monopoly, or it has no organization
at all. Either a given social function is performed by a government
monopoly--or it isn't performed at all. I'm speaking here, of course, not
just of your contributions, but of Bill's, and in earlier threads, of
Rick's.

_Government_ really seems to function here like the concept of God. For
many believers, if God didn't exist and intervene in the world to keep it
running right, then existence, left to its own devices, would run wild. If
God didn't exist, there would be no reason to be moral, to be nice to each
other. The possibility of secular explanations is completely ruled out, in
the same way that _voluntary_ solutions are completely ruled out by the
government-or-nothing view. Is the problem a lack of imagination, or what?

Best,
Mike

P.S.: I'm following your hit-and-run example--I'm leaving town right now
and will be off-line for a week.

[From Bruce Nevin (2000.0422.1320 EDT)]

Mike Acree (2000.0421.1620 PDT)]

as I look around even the nonhuman biological realm, I think
I see as much competition as cooperation; and I don't see any indication
that the former is yielding to the latter in evolution.

As I recall, Darwin claimed that cooperation was at least as important as
competition for survival. Kropotkin in _Mutual Aid_ adduced evidence that
it was more so. I am not familiar with more recent research, but the image
of "nature red in tooth and claw" (the line is from Tennyson) has more to
do with the politics of social darwinism than with science.

There is a lovely documentary of a kangaroo herd, or "mob" as it is called,
that follows two mothers with their respective joeys, showing how one has
learned and teaches cooperative relations with others, and the other has
not and does not. The first has brought a series of offspring to adulthood,
and her mother has many descendants throughout the mob; the second has no
living offspring or close relatives, she is nearing the end of her fertile
years, and toward the end of the year or so documented in the video her
joey gets lost and is killed by predators.
"Kangaroos: Faces in the mob"

        Bruce Nevin

···

At 04:20 PM 04/21/2000 -0700, Michael Acree UCSF wrote:

[From Mike Acree (2000.0428.1347 PDT)

Bruce Nevin (2000.0422.1320 EDT)--

as I look around even the nonhuman biological realm, I think
I see as much competition as cooperation; and I don't see any indication
that the former is yielding to the latter in evolution.

As I recall, Darwin claimed that cooperation was at least as important as
competition for survival.

It sounds as though you took my statement as a defense of competition. I
was merely questioning Martin's conclusion about cooperation "winning out
over" competition. I've been described by friends as the most
noncompetitive male they ever knew; I'm quite happy to see cooperation
wherever I can. I think, in fact, that I see the market economy as much
more cooperative than most of my interlocutors on the Net do. I don't
dislike Martin's conclusion; I just didn't see much support for it.

Mike

[From Bruce Nevin (2000.0429.1845 EDT)]

Mike Acree (2000.0428.1347 PDT)--

Bruce Nevin (2000.0422.1320 EDT)--

as I look around even the nonhuman biological realm, I think
I see as much competition as cooperation; and I don't see any indication
that the former is yielding to the latter in evolution.

As I recall, Darwin claimed that cooperation was at least as important as
competition for survival.

It sounds as though you took my statement as a defense of competition. I
was merely questioning Martin's conclusion about cooperation "winning out
over" competition. [...] I don't
dislike Martin's conclusion; I just didn't see much support for it.

Please construe the reference to Darwin and Kropotkin as support for
Martin's statement and for your preferences (and mine).

Consider the evolutionary path from pathogen to parasite to symbiote to (in
the case of e.g. mitochodria, intestinal flora, etc.) integral part of the
organism. Indeed, consider the evolutionary path from cellular life to
multicellular organisms, and perhaps beyond (albeit if so then necessarily
imperceptibly by us multicellular organisms).

        Bruce Nevin

···

At 01:54 PM 04/28/2000 -0700, Mike Acree wrote:

[From Mike Acree (2000.0510.0953 PDT)]

Bruce Nevin (2000.0429.1845 EDT)--

as I look around even the nonhuman biological realm, I think
I see as much competition as cooperation; and I don't see any indication
that the former is yielding to the latter in evolution.

As I recall, Darwin claimed that cooperation was at least as important as
competition for survival.

It sounds as though you took my statement as a defense of competition. I
was merely questioning Martin's conclusion about cooperation "winning out
over" competition. [...] I don't
dislike Martin's conclusion; I just didn't see much support for it.

Please construe the reference to Darwin and Kropotkin as support for
Martin's statement and for your preferences (and mine).

Consider the evolutionary path from pathogen to parasite to symbiote to (in
the case of e.g. mitochodria, intestinal flora, etc.) integral part of the
organism. Indeed, consider the evolutionary path from cellular life to
multicellular organisms, and perhaps beyond (albeit if so then necessarily
imperceptibly by us multicellular organisms).

No question that there's lots of cooperation in evolutionary biology. We
might go so far as to include the coevolution of colors in flowers and of
color vision in bees as another example. But none of this constitutes
evidence that cooperation is _winning out over_ competition, which is quite
a different claim.

Mike

[From Rick Marken (2000.05.01.1310)]

Bruce Nevin (2000.0429.1845 EDT)--

As I recall, Darwin claimed that cooperation was at least as
important as competition for survival.

Mike Acree (2000.0510.0953 PDT)

No question that there's lots of cooperation in evolutionary
biology.

I have some questions.

1. What is "cooperation"?

2. How did Darwin (or any evolutionary biologist) know when
it was occurring and when it was not?

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken Phone or Fax: 310 474-0313
Life Learning Associates mailto: rmarken@earthlink.net
http://home.earthlink.net/~rmarken

[From Mike Acree (2000.0501.1340 PDT)]

Rick Marken (2000.05.01.1310)--

I have some questions.

1. What is "cooperation"?

2. How did Darwin (or any evolutionary biologist) know when
it was occurring and when it was not?

Reasonable questions. It was my intention to be granting the most liberal
possible definition of cooperation in my example of the bees and the
flowers. But we should probably ask Martin. I don't necessarily fault him
for having introduced the terms without defining them, but I do think he
owes us an explanation (when he returns) of the very strange idea that
cooperation and competition are themselves in competition. That appears to
imply that all evolutionary processes of either type might in some sense
just as well have been the other. I think of them more as operating in
different realms; but if there is any definable relation between cooperation
and competition, I would be more inclined to see that relationship as
cooperative than as "winner takes all."

Mike

[From Rick Marken (2000.05.02.0930)]

Me:

I have some questions.

1. What is "cooperation"?

2. How did Darwin (or any evolutionary biologist) know when
it was occurring and when it was not?

Mike Acree (2000.0501.1340 PDT)--

Reasonable questions.

As an exercise, how about trying to answer them in terms
of a control of input model of behavior.

Best

Rick

···

--
Richard S. Marken Phone or Fax: 310 474-0313
Life Learning Associates mailto: rmarken@earthlink.net
http://home.earthlink.net/~rmarken