Discouraged

[From Bill Powers (2003.12.11.1650 MST)]

Bruce Gregory (2003.12.11.1725)--

What mechanism is involved when experience and experiment establish the
highest order reference levels?

I don't know. Memory might play a part, in that reference levels would be
chosen (by what? I can't say) from past perceptions at this level. There
might be some ability to set reference levels consciously just to see what
the result will be. Mainly I don't want to close the door on alternative
ideas, since there is so little evidence. I'd like to keep from drawing any
firm conclusions about the questions you raise, which are very important
and won't go away. If we start taking positions now we could shut off ideas
that might be needed later.

Best,

Bill P.

from [Marc Abrams (2003.12.11.1931)]

[From Bill Powers (2003.12.11.1650 MST)]

Mainly I don't want to close the door on alternative
ideas,

Seems like you already have. To bad

since there is so little evidence.

Take a real hard look at Rick's post.

I'd like to keep from drawing any
firm conclusions about the questions you raise, which are very important
and won't go away.

Who is asking you for answers? How about discussing the possibilites. I'm
all ears.

If we start taking positions now we could shut off ideas that might be

needed later.

How would you know a good idea from a bad one if you don't discuss it and
analyze it. How can you possibly predict what will or won't be needed later.
If it's not discussed now what guarentees do you have that it will be
brought up later. Hoiw do you know what ideas are out there?

Look, I know I'm getting stonewalled and I know your not going to answer
this post, but I do know you will read it, and if history is a judge you
will consider it, even though you will not acknowledge it. Bill, I know it's
rough giving credit to someone you dislike, But Bruce Gregory hasn't brought
anything up that I haven't mentioned 10 times before.

I find it very amusing that both you and Rick keep on talking about what PCT
& HPCT is _not_ supposed to explain, and then you try to explain it in terms
of HPCT anyway, and when the conversation breaks down, as it usually will,
you then attack the person who is questioning the HPCT explanation as being
an 'enemy'.

Just follow the Gregory - Marken thread for evidence of this for the most
recent example.

Yeah, I know Bill. I'm a jerk and I'm talking out of my rear. Have it your
way.

Marc

[From Bruce Gregory (2003.12.11.2018)]

Bill Powers (2003.12.11.1650 MST)

I don't know. Memory might play a part, in that reference levels would
be
chosen (by what? I can't say) from past perceptions at this level.
There
might be some ability to set reference levels consciously just to see
what
the result will be. Mainly I don't want to close the door on
alternative
ideas, since there is so little evidence. I'd like to keep from
drawing any
firm conclusions about the questions you raise, which are very
important
and won't go away. If we start taking positions now we could shut off
ideas
that might be needed later.

Fair enough. Thanks.

Bruce Gregory

"Everything that needs to be said has already been said. But since no
one was listening, everything must be said again."

                                                                                Andre Gide

[From Rick Marken (2003.12.11.1910)]

Marc Abrams (2003.12.11.1931)--

Bill Powers (2003.12.11.1650 MST)]

since there is so little evidence.

Take a real hard look at Rick's post.

Was there something wrong with that post? If so, what did you think was
wrong with it?

I posted it because I thought the data resembled that from the
Robertson/Glines study of reorganization. I'm sorry it was such a big
file. Was that the problem?

I find it very amusing that both you and Rick keep on talking about
what PCT
& HPCT is _not_ supposed to explain, and then you try to explain it in
terms
of HPCT anyway, and when the conversation breaks down, as it usually
will,
you then attack the person who is questioning the HPCT explanation as
being
an 'enemy'.

Just follow the Gregory - Marken thread for evidence of this for the
most
recent example.

I followed that thread rather closely myself and I didn't see any
evidence of what you say was there. I don't recall seeing anyone saying
anything about what PCT and HPCT are not supposed to explain. Bruce
Gregory did bring up an example of behavior that he thought HPCT could
not explain (the driver braking for obstacles and accelerating to get
to work), but I think we showed pretty clearly that HPCT could explain
it and I think Bruce understands that now. I did say that my
spreadsheet was a demonstration of principle, not a model of any
particular behavior, but that's not saying what HPCT is not supposed to
explain. Bill gave a detailed example of how the principles of HPCT
(illustrated in the spreadsheet) are used to build a hierarchical
control model of a specific behavior (moving to a goal while avoiding
obstacles).

I also don't recall seeing anyone attacked as being an enemy of PCT.
I think I'm the only one who has ever been called an enemy of PCT and
that was quite a while ago. And, of course, I'm not, really.

Best

Rick

···

---
Richard S. Marken
marken@mindreadings.com
Home 310 474-0313
Cell 310 729-1400

Marc,

from [Marc Abrams (2003.12.11.1931)]

[From Bill Powers (2003.12.11.1650 MST)]

Mainly I don't want to close the door on alternative
ideas,

Marc says,

Seems like you already have. Too bad.

Actually, it seems to me, that Bill Powers, in this particular
instance, is making a prudent, rather than dogmatic judgment, or
sequence of judgements. He is candidly proceeding in a situation
in which he admittedly not entirely sure as to all that is
involved in the problem, or what the eventual outcome will be.

I don't have any difficulty at all believing that you have
reason to be angry with Bill Powers, but I don't myself see that
he is making the sort of mistake that you attribute to him.

best

Bill Williams

since there is so little evidence.

Take a real hard look at Rick's post.

I'd like to keep from drawing any
firm conclusions about the questions you raise, which are very important
and won't go away.

Who is asking you for answers? How about discussing the possibilites. I'm
all ears.

If we start taking positions now we could shut off ideas that might be

needed later.

How would you know a good idea from a bad one if you don't discuss it and
analyze it. How can you possibly predict what will or won't be needed later.
If it's not discussed now what guarentees do you have that it will be
brought up later. Hoiw do you know what ideas are out there?

Look, I know I'm getting stonewalled and I know your not going to answer
this post, but I do know you will read it, and if history is a judge you
will consider it, even though you will not acknowledge it. Bill, I know it's
rough giving credit to someone you dislike, But Bruce Gregory hasn't brought
anything up that I haven't mentioned 10 times before.

I find it very amusing that both you and Rick keep on talking about what PCT
& HPCT is _not_ supposed to explain, and then you try to explain it in terms
of HPCT anyway, and when the conversation breaks down, as it usually will,
you then attack the person who is questioning the HPCT explanation as being
an 'enemy'.

Just follow the Gregory - Marken thread for evidence of this for the most
recent example.

Yeah, I know Bill. I'm a jerk and I'm talking out of my rear. Have it your
way.

Marc

[From Bruce Gregory (2003.12.12.0722)]

Rick Marken (2003.12.11.1910)

I followed that thread rather closely myself and I didn't see any
evidence of what you say was there. I don't recall seeing anyone saying
anything about what PCT and HPCT are not supposed to explain. Bruce
Gregory did bring up an example of behavior that he thought HPCT could
not explain (the driver braking for obstacles and accelerating to get
to work), but I think we showed pretty clearly that HPCT could explain
it and I think Bruce understands that now.

Just a point of clarification. I never said that HPCT could not explain
my example. I simply asked how HPCT explained it. And now I know.

Bruce Gregory

Bruce,

Because I wasn't following the thread closely, I too _mistakenly_ got the impression, how I don't know, that you were arguing that PCT, or HPCT _couldn't_ explain your example.

My mistake.

Bill Williams

[From Kenny Kitzke (2003.12.17)]

<Bill Williams 9 December 2003 8:34 PM CST>

Bill, this is one of the “ancient” posts in a thread I started. So, I am especially sorry that I never replied to you.

But, poor etiquette and lack of professionalism in dialogue, should not be
part of any self-respecting group of decent human beings, including >scientists.

<How about people who hate each other’s guts?>

Hate would be a problem and produce a perception of being an enemy (here I am alluding to a disscusstion more recent). I think when the _hit flies, your best defense is to duck and not retaliate. After a number of misses and unreturned confrontations, the hater will get tired of throwing the terds and find something else to focus on.

Self-moderation is a virtue consistent with PCT and those who are not
virtuous need to be informed, helped and even reviled privately if necessary >by those who wish to be part of something cooperative and valuable.

<This may work to some extent. But, if people don’t come to see that their disfunctional behavior is disfunctional, will their behavior change? I don’t think so.>

This is an excellent point that can be said or illustrated many ways. And, a PCT understanding is helpful in “going up a level.” People are really apathetic to things you think are important to or for them. It must be internalized to have an effect. Your behavior is the control of you own perception. It is rock solid. Thank you Bill P.!

<Still if we view speach from a control theory standpoint, then the disruption caused by poor speech is a disruption that takes place in and because of the reference levels on the part of the person who is listenng to the speech.>

Man I love the way you explain that. Others words can not hurt you unless you allow them to disturb your references of yourself. I think that is a PCT corollary. There is another old adage that if you let someone make you angry, you are allowing them to control you. Can you expound on this as it relates to PCT?

I doubt this would be a difficult task for you. Probably a piece of cake.

<I am not confident what you mean by what you say in the above two sentences. If you intended what you say as an implicit suggestion, I would prefer that you say what you have to say explicitly. Since this is an email communication, I will go on to say explicitly that I do not intend this expression of my preference to communicate anything in the way of hostility or irritation. I’m just not sure what you mean to say. And if you regard what you meant to say as being important, I’m inviting you to express it another way. Then perhaps I’ll better under what you intended me to understand.>

Sorry to be so vague. I was trying to say that based on your behavior toward me, I believe you would find it easy to be self-controlled in debates. Further, if someone indicated that your behavior (post) was offensive, you would tend to by sympathetic and compassionate even if you did not intend any offense and might apologize or express regret.

Actually you did this as you expressed concern that your remarks about Jesus and sociologists might have offended a disciple. And, it was taken in an non-offensive sense by me anyways.

<I think we may make some different assumptions about the nature of communications. I don’t for example view the CSG process with a felling of discouragement. But if I understand you there aren’t at present any issues between us of any real urgency.>

That we would agree on the nature of anything completely is not a reference for a friend of mine. Some of my closest friends are most likely to tell me I am in need of correction or improvement. There are no relational issues between us, just world politics, religion, economics, etc., which neither of us control very well anyway. 8-)) So, even if we shoot the breeze about our convictions, the world nor one another is likely to change much making any urgency somewhat moot anyway.

Thanks for your sincere attempts to add to this forum re PCT/HPCT and models that affect such individual and group behavior as economic activity.

Kenny

<Bill Williams 9 December 2003 8:34 PM CST>

Kenny said in a previous "Discouraged" post,

Bill, this is one of the "ancient" posts in a thread I started. So, I am
especially sorry that I never replied to you.

Not to worry. We both had other things to think about. But, you say, in reply to what I said,

<Still if we view speach from a control theory standpoint, then the
disruption caused by poor speech is a disruption that takes place in and because of the
reference levels on the part of the person who is listenng to the speech.>

Man I love the way you explain that. Others words can not hurt you unless
you allow them to disturb your references of yourself. I think that is a PCT
corollary. There is another old adage that if you let someone make you angry,
you are allowing them to control you. Can you expound on this as it relates to PCT?

Well,... you and I may be confident, confident that is that the source of pain that some sorts of speech may cause is a pain that we generate because we have allowed what we have heard to disturb our self-concept. As you say, you regard it as a PCT corollary. So do I. (But, not everyone on the CSGnet agrees with us.) And, I as a practical matter recognize that there is a huge difference between recognizing what we understand to be the control theory implications as applied to speach as something like the truth of a proposition in geometry and applying the "abstract" understanding in difficult conditions in the real world, in real time.

I think there may be another factor involved here. I'm of the opinion that people are not by nature the sort of creatures that have as their natural existence the sort of issolated self-sufficiency that modern european thought, say John Locke, Hobbes and the 18th century social theorists, attribute to an "original" human nature. I don't have any doubts at all that Powers is correct in insisting that the agency that people have is located in creataures that are biologically distinct specimens. There is, I am convinced, nothing that remotely has a causal existence that remotely resembles the social anthropologists or sociologists "group mind," or "social agency." However, when people get together things happen that might lead one to think that there might be "causal powers" that are the expression of the reality of somesort of group existence. And, I don't think it is just a matter of just dramatic happenings like riots, or panics, or similiar events. I think the recent thread in which Bruce Nevin provoke by his interest in language is an example of a phenomena that has been considered difficult to explain as resulting from the properties of individuals. So, there has been a tendency to attribute to some group construct, like Durkheim's almost magical conception of society a causal reality. In the absence of a better explaination there are otherwise quite reasonable people who think it is neccessary to posit the existence of such group realities-- there is a recent book Douglas, Mary. 1986. _How Institutions Think_. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. There is a much older example Kroeber, A. L. 1917. "The Super-Organic."American Anthropologist. Vol. 19. # 2. (April-June): 163-213. And, of course there is Durkheim. I'm convinced that a control theory conception of an individual _could_ account for this, but doing so would require changing the notion of an "individual" from the 18th century Lockean "individual" to a control theory conception in which the social aspect is conceptually built in by way of the inherent reference levels. The cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker has a book out _The Language Instinct_ which comes close to what I'm thinking about, but Pinker's conception of an instinct seems to be close to a fixed action pattern whereas I think might make quite a bit of difference if instincts were re-defined in terms of control theory. Then it might be easier to perceived the complex things that happen when people get together as having their source in the inherently social properties of the individuals, and things like society might not seem so magical and threatening.

The evening of 911 I was driving across eastern Missouri when I stopped at a fast food store for gas and something to eat. A middle aged woman was alone behind the counter watching TV and tuned to the post-strike news. She said she was worried, and I asked "About what?" Improbable as it might seem, she said that she was worried that "ragheads with AK-47s were going to come across the highway" and get her. I tried to reasure her by pointing out that there was a big ocean between "them" and us, and "they" didn't have much anything in theway of a navy. So, not to worry about ragheads coming across the highway.
   
In thinking about this woman's worries, as I drove across the rest of Missouri I thought about some of the things Thorstein Veblen had to say about the patriotic animus,

Veblen, Thorstein. 1919, 1945 _The Nature of Peace and the Terms of
  its Perpetuation_ Viking Press: New York

"Patriotism is of a contentious complexion, and finds its fullest
expression in no other outlet than warlike enterprise; its highest
and final appeal is for the death, damage, discomfort and destruction
of the part of the second part. p. 33.

  "The ideals, needs and aims that so are brought into the patriotic
  argument to lend a color of rationality to the patriotic aspiration
  in any given case will of course be such ideals, needs and aims
  as are currently accepted .... p. 35.

  "By and large, and overlooking that appreciable contingent of
  morally defective citizens that is to be counted on in any
  hybrid population,... p. 36.

  "To anyone who is inclined to moralize on the singular
  discrepancies of moral life this state of the case will be
  fruitful of much profound speculation. The patriotic animus
  appears to be an enduring trait of human nature, an ancient
heritage that has stood over unshorn from time immemorial,
  under the Mendelian rule of the stability of racial types.
  It is archaic, not amenable to elimination or enduring
  suppression and apparently not appreciably to mitigated
  by reflection, education, experience or selective breeding.

  p. 41.

  "The continued prevalence of this archaic animus among the
  modern peoples, as well as the fact that it is universally
  placed high among the virtues, must be taken to argue that it
  is, in its elements, an hereditary trait, of the nature of
  an inborn impulsive propensity, rather than a product of
  habituation. It is, in substance, not something that can
  be learned and unlearned. p. 41-2.

I don't happen to agree with all that Veblen says, but some of
it may be all too true.

Bill Williams

[From Bruce Gregory (2003.12.18.0751)]

Bill Williams 9 December 2003 8:34 PM CST

I don't happen to agree with all that Veblen says, but some of
it may be all too true.

Nice post.

Bruce Gregory

"Everything that needs to be said has already been said. But since no
one was listening, everything must be said again."

                                                                                Andre Gide

Re: Discouraged
[From Rick Marken (2003.12.18.1050)]

Kenny Kitzke (2003.12.17)–

<Bill Williams 9 December 2003 8:34 PM CST>

<Still if we view speach from a control theory standpoint, then the

disruption caused by poor speech is a disruption that takes place in and

because of the reference levels on the part of the person who is listenng to

the speech.>

Man I love the way you explain that. Others words can not hurt you unless

you allow them to disturb your references of yourself. I think that is a

PCT corollary. There is another old adage that if you let someone make you

angry, you are allowing them to control you. Can you expound on this as it

relates to PCT?

Words, like any environmental variable, are a disturbance only if they influence a variable a person is controlling. The only ways to prevent words (or any environmental variable) from being a disturbance to a controlled perception, in the sense that they push that perception from its reference (variables don’t disturb “references”) are to 1) push back against the disturbance (this, of course, is the normal control regime) 2) avoid the cause of the disturbance (higher order control regime) 3) change the reference (goal) for the perception or 4) stop controlling that perception. If the disturbance is actively produced by another control system as the means of achieving its own perception (to humiliate you, hurt you or convince you to change your mind, for example) then approaches 2,3 and 4 — avoidance, changing references or abandoning control of the disturbed perception – are the best strategies, if one’s goal is to avoid conflict. The normal control regime, which involves acting to protect the perception from disturbance, will result in conflict with the person who is actively trying to disturb the perception. For example, if someone were persistently making fun of your religious beliefs you could protect your beliefs from this disturbance by talking back. This is the normal control regime and it will produce conflict, of course. A better approach is to recognize that the source of the disturbance is a person and that you can avoid listening to that person (by deleting his e-mails, for example). Of course, you could also eliminate the disturbing effects of the words (and avoid conflict) by changing your reference for your religious beliefs or abandoning your desire to believe these things altogether. PCT doesn’t say which of these approaches is best. It just shows that these are the ways to protect perceptions from disturbance and what the consequences of each approach will be.
I think that the use of strategies 2, 3 and 4 — the conflict avoidance strategies — is appropriate only when the source of the disturbance is, in fact, actively producing the disturbance as the means of controlling their own perception. If the disturbance is not produced as a means of control, then there is really no need to adopt these conflict avoidance strategies because, in this case, disturbance resistance will not result in conflict. For example, if someone says something that is unintentionally a disturbance to your religious beliefs then resisting that disturbance will not result in conflict. This makes me realize that the initial assumption when a perception is disturbed by words is that the disturbance was unintentional.
The point of all this is simply to point out that saying the “disruption caused by poor speech is a disruption that takes place in and because of the reference levels” is only half the story. It’s true that words will disrupt (disturb) a listener’s perception only if that perception is controlled at some reference level. But the other half of the story is that the speaker producing the disruptive speech can be producing it intentionally (in which case the speech could be the cause of conflict) or unintentionally (in which case it will not be). I agree that the recipient of disruptive speech — the listener-- is responsible for whether this speech actually disrupts or not. But I would also add that the responsibility for the disruptiveness of the speech is not necessarily the complete responsibility of the listener. A speaker who intentionally speaks in order to be disrupt another person’s perceptions is also responsible for the disruptiveness of the speech. As someone said somewhere in this thread “It takes two to tango”.

Best regards

Rick

···

Richard S. Marken

MindReadings.com

Home: 310 474 0313

Cell: 310 729 1400

Re: Discouraged
[Martin Taylor 2003.12.18.1545 EST]

[From Rick Marken
(2003.12.18.1050)]
Words, like any
environmental variable, are a disturbance only if they influence a
variable a person is controlling.

I think that is too restrictive, if we are
talking about the way words can hurt.

Earlier, I defined “enemies” in
terms of intendion to reduce my ability to control. That is because I
believe reduction in ability to control to be an almost complete
definition of hurt.

Introducing a disturbance to a controlled
perception does reduce the momentary precision of control, and to that
extent it could be called a hurt, but it’s a minor one if the
disturbance is small enough that the control system can counter it
effectively.

A more important hurt affects the ability of
some control system to control against disturbances that would
previously have been possible to counter. Physical pain ordinarily
signals that something of this kind has happened–but so does mental
pain that causes a person to believe something different about their
ability to control (which often affects their real ability to
control).

Moreover, words in a public forum can be
perceived as being likely to influence other people in a way that
reduces my ability to control. If they persuade others that my
suggestions are wrong, that’s more than a disturbance, it’s a real
reduction in my ability to influence the actions of others–a
reduction in my ability to control. That’s why an effective moderate
orator is so hurtful to a fanatic (and vice-versa). The only route
open to the fanatic might be to eliminate the moderate’s influence on
the people whom the fanatic hopes to influence. Hence trials for
heresy and the like.

Oh yes, words can hurt, and not just because
they disturb perceptions that one can choose not to
control.

Martin

[From Bill Williams 18 December 2003 10:30 PM CST]

Rick,

Thanks for the detailed post,

[From Rick Marken (2003.12.18.1050)]

As a conclusion you say,

As someone said somewhere in this thread �It takes two to tango�.

This is true. However, to tango both of the people involved have to agree to dance.

Bill Williams

[From Bill Williams 18 December 2003 10:45 PM CST]

Martin,

[Martin Taylor 2003.12.18.1545 EST]

You say,

Oh yes, words can hurt, and not just because they disturb perceptions
that one can choose not to control.

I think what you've done is exposed an implicit assumption I was making that the words involved were being exchanged in communication taking place between two people.

I think I would stick to my arguement that words exchanged in a two person dialog are only capable of causing a disturbance if the receiver's reference levels are such that the communication is regarded as meaningful. If the communication received is not considered meaningful then I think it is clear no disturbance can result.

Now, if the effect of communication upon third parties is considered, then the disturbance is an issue of what will be the effect upon the intended target of disturbing speech indirectly through the medium of changes taking place in the dispositions held by third parties. And, if we are controlling for the dispositions of third parties to the communication then we will experience a disturbance. But, the disturbance remains a disturbance that is experienced because we have within us reference levels that are being disturbed.

Could be agree that: The speech alone does not have the power to cause an injury? That it is as Rick says what happens in the "Tango" that is in a context in which we have choosen to become meaningfully involved that pain is experienced?

Bill Williams

Martin Taylor 2003.12.19.0015]

[From Bill Williams 18 December 2003 10:45 PM CST]

Martin,

[Martin Taylor 2003.12.18.1545 EST]

You say,

Oh yes, words can hurt, and not just because they disturb perceptions
that one can choose not to control.

I think what you've done is exposed an implicit assumption I was
making that the words involved were being exchanged in communication
taking place between two people.

Also in a pure dialogue, but by a different mechanism.

I think I would stick to my arguement that words exchanged in a two
person dialog are only capable of causing a disturbance if the
receiver's reference levels are such that the communication is
regarded as meaningful. If the communication received is not
considered meaningful then I think it is clear no disturbance can
result.

I think I'd more or less go along with that, except that I don't
think "reference levels" have much if anything to do with whether a
communication is meaningful.

Could be agree that: The speech alone does not have the power to
cause an injury? That it is as Rick says what happens in the
"Tango" that is in a context in which we have choosen to become
meaningfully involved that pain is experienced?

I think we have to be careful, here. One could say that a knife alone
has no power to casue an injury, just as well. But a knife moved
appropriately can pierce skin and reduce the victim's ability to
control. I believe that words interpreted can also affect one's
ability to control, regardless of their effect as disturbances. In
that way, they can hurt.

Martin

[From Bill Willliams 19 December 2003 12:30 AM CST]

Martin, You say, [ 2003.12.19.0015] in response to what I said,

[ 18 December 2003 10:45 PM CST]

Could be agree that: The speech alone does not have the power to
cause an injury? That it is as Rick says what happens in the
"Tango" that is in a context in which we have choosen to become
meaningfully involved that pain is experienced?

I think we have to be careful, here. One could say that a knife alone
has no power to casue an injury, just as well. But a knife moved
appropriately can pierce skin and reduce the victim's ability to
control. I believe that words interpreted can also affect one's
ability to control, regardless of their effect as disturbances. In
that way, they can hurt.

I would agree that "care" is needed. The issue is an important one-- not only for a theoretical understanding of the implications of control theory, but also because the question is one that has implication for public policy regarding the regulation of speech. And, I am in favor of the regulation of speech, the question, as far as I am concerned is one of a choice of principles regarding how speech should be regulated.

I think we would agree that a knife has no intensionality, no purpose, no agency. So, I would say that "A knife, or a gun, in a real or causal sense, can not do harm." This isn't to say that I don't recognize that in some situations it makes sense to regulate the access which people have to knifes and guns. Knives and guns can be used as instruments by people to carry out harmful intensions. The knives and guns, however, are passive objects. So, I would agree with the people who say that "Guns don't kill people." But, I do not agree with implication that people who say this commonly think they can extract from this slogan.

I think the case of speech may be different in someways from the case of knives and guns. Speech, it seems to me, can only become meaningful when it becomes a signal upon reception. The energy that becomes the signal doesn't have a capacity to harm. And, it is only as a result of attending to the environment in such a way that we generate somesort of neuro-current that speech can be meaningful. I think of this attending as a choice. If I refuse to pay attention to the environment in which the speech, or text, is transmitted then, as far as I am concerned I will not be hurt. ( There is here I will admit a background consideration. To make a choice not to attend I would have to suspect that there is speech out there that I might find disturbing. And, this itself might be regarded as harmful. ) So, the slogan, "It takes two to tango." may apply. To be hurt by a communication, you must be _in_ communication.

And, I think it makes sense to think that when one agrees to communicate, one may be hurt by the resulting communication. I would describe the pain generated as a joint product of the signal and the reference level in the receiver of the communication. To go one step further, I would argue that the pain experienced can be stopped by stopping the "tango" resulting from an agrement to communicate and a disturbing message.

I have a suspicion that we may agree about what "in fact" is involved, and that our apparent dis-agreement is a matter ambiguity in how what is involved is described, and what implications are derived from the initial description.

Bill williams