Extending a thought on Learning

[From Bill Powers (990807.2105 MDT)]

Marc Abrams (990807.1353)--

If we look at the work of the
Pjool's why should everything end at the end of 18 months? and we suddenly
go into some other "way" or "mode" of "learning". Doesn't make much sense to
me..

Or to anyone else. Plooij (not Pjool, and it's pronounced "ploy"), with his
wife, did his study of infants through the first 18 months of their lives.
That is why the data end at 18 months. New studies will extend this
somewhat further. It takes a lot of time, resources, and data reduction to
prepare a scientific report. One should not assume that the world ends with
the data last collected.

Best,

Bill P.

from [ Marc Abrams (990807.2346) ]

[From Bill Powers (990807.2105 MDT)]

Marc Abrams (990807.1353)--

>If we look at the work of the
>Pjool's why should everything end at the end of 18 months? and we

suddenly

>go into some other "way" or "mode" of "learning". Doesn't make much sense

to

>me..

Or to anyone else. Plooij (not Pjool, and it's pronounced "ploy"),

Thanks for the correction in spelling and the clarification in
pronunciation. I said I was terrible with names :-).

with his
wife, did his study of infants through the first 18 months of their lives.
That is why the data end at 18 months. New studies will extend this
somewhat further. It takes a lot of time, resources, and data reduction to
prepare a scientific report. One should not assume that the world ends

with

the data last collected.

Bill, I understand how important data is. I have _no_ argument with either
Isaac, You, Rick, Bruce G or anyone about the necessity of having data. From
Phil R and yourself I learned the importance of "appropriate" and "good"
data. I also understand that the world does not end with the last data
collected. I simply believe that you need both a starting point and a theory
( i.e. a conjecture, speculation ) to move along. I point to the work of
the Plooij's as one of my starting points in trying to understand and model
( i.e. test ) Chap 15. I believe much can be learned from a model. I am
trying to do my due diligence. As is usually the case with me ( and I don't
think it's unusual :slight_smile: ) the more I learn the more i understand how much I
really don't know. But some of these possibilities are fascinating and
things seem to get more and more interesting as well as more and more
difficult.

What are your thoughts on their use of "degree of behavioral variability"
and, the disappearance of rigidity in the control of a certain variable
indicating that the order of control has changed from one level to the next
higher level. ( This was one of the 3 ways they used to determine what was
being controlled )

Marc

[From Bill Powers (990808.0629 MDT)]

Marc Abrams (990807.2346)--

What are your thoughts on their use of "degree of behavioral variability"
and, the disappearance of rigidity in the control of a certain variable
indicating that the order of control has changed from one level to the next
higher level. ( This was one of the 3 ways they used to determine what was
being controlled )

I'm fine with it -- it was my suggestion that during periods of rapid
reorganization, the variability of behavior should increase, and also that
the highest level of control existing at a given time would be operating
with fixed reference levels (since there's no higher system to vary them).
The Plooijs, of course, did the actual work in seeing whether these
conjectures were useful.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Kenny (990808.10:30 EDT)]

<Bill Powers (990808.0629 MDT)>

<and also that the highest level of control existing at a given time would be
operating with fixed reference levels (since there's no higher system to vary
them).>

I suspect from my paper on Human Nature that you know I find this a severe
limitation to understanding human behavior. It seems to be a basic flaw in
HPCT as it relates to humans. Are you really claiming that systems level
references don't change, or that no other control system is specifying new
ones?

Certainly, the human reorganizing system can change them. No?

I am speculating that our highest level reference perceptions can be set by
an external interaction with our mind. This does not seem far fetched it
terms of science. Can't external forces (such as electric or other forms of
energy fields) which are not percieved by our mind at all, affect our mind?

Next year at the CSG conference, I hope to present some data from experiments
on the existance of a 12th Level of Perception which I tentatively call the
Spiritual Level of the human mind which can be tested for but perhaps not be
understood with physical sensoral observations.

I am wondering if you have ever studied or commented on instinct in animals
and what level of perception instincts are and where these references might
come from in such living things?

Perhaps I am into science fiction too. :sunglasses:

Kenny

from [ Marc Abrams (990808.2149) ]

Whoa Ken!! Have you read the journal article that I asked Bill about? I
suggest you do before you make any additional comments. You are _way off_
base :slight_smile: here.

Marc

[From Kenny (990808.10:30 EDT)]

<Bill Powers (990808.0629 MDT)>

<and also that the highest level of control existing at a given time would

be

operating with fixed reference levels (since there's no higher system to

vary

them).>

I suspect from my paper on Human Nature that you know I find this a severe
limitation to understanding human behavior. It seems to be a basic flaw

in

HPCT as it relates to humans. Are you really claiming that systems level
references don't change, or that no other control system is specifying new
ones?

Certainly, the human reorganizing system can change them. No?

I am speculating that our highest level reference perceptions can be set

by

an external interaction with our mind. This does not seem far fetched it
terms of science. Can't external forces (such as electric or other forms

of

energy fields) which are not percieved by our mind at all, affect our

mind?

Next year at the CSG conference, I hope to present some data from

experiments

on the existance of a 12th Level of Perception which I tentatively call

the

Spiritual Level of the human mind which can be tested for but perhaps not

be

understood with physical sensoral observations.

I am wondering if you have ever studied or commented on instinct in

animals

and what level of perception instincts are and where these references

might

···

Subject: Re: Extending a thought on Learning

come from in such living things?

Perhaps I am into science fiction too. :sunglasses:

Kenny

[From Bill Powers (990809.0633 MDT)]

Kenny (990808.10:30 EDT)--

Are you really claiming that systems level
references don't change, or that no other control system is specifying new
ones?

I had in mind the initial growth of the hierarchy. From what the Plooijs
seem to have found, the hierarchy has reached the sequence level by the age
of 18 months, so we could expect the system-concept level to begin
functioning not too long after that. What the Plooijs reported was that
just after a new level comes into view, its operation looks stereotyped, as
if the reference signals were not being varied by a higher level of control
system. But as the next level begins to form, _random_ variations appear,
so that for a time behavior seems to become _less_ organized, even
regressing to earlier stages. The likelihood that a child will become sick
increases greatly during this period. Then, as the new level start to get
organized, signs of the new control capabilities are seen, and order
reappears while the new kind of control is practiced.

I don't doubt that reorganization continues throughout life, at all levels.
However, as each level acquires a broader range of controlled variables,
and as all the levels acquire increasing skill, the occasions for
reorganization become fewer -- that, after all, is the point of acquiring
the systems in the hierarchy, to learn systematic ways of controlling one's
experiences so that the large errors that drive reorganization don't happen
any more.

I'm not the only one who has remarked how hard it is to effect any changes
at the system concept level. In part, I think, this is because any change
at that level has far-reaching consequences at all the lower levels, so any
reorganization is more likely to increase than decrease intrinsic error. We
may reorganize at that level, but we're likely to reorganize right back to
where we were. This must be the case for any system, once it reaches a
state of minimum error: any further change is likely to be for the worse,
even if the minimum of error is only relative to local conditions.

A religious conversion, I would guess, results from a reorganization at the
system concept level. The new systematic way of looking at the world and
oneself results in a marked reduction in overall error, as new principles
are adopted and old ones are changed or dropped, resulting in the
resolution of conflicts both external and internal. The systemwide error
reduces below the level formerly accepted as normal, which may explain the
sense of peace and calm that is felt, the born-again feeling. This sort of
conversion experience is not limited to religion; John B. Watson described
one in which he suddenly realized that the bird in his hand was being
caused to struggle by the sight of its nest. For the rest of his life, that
was _his_ system concept regarding behavior.

I would argue against the existence of an organized 12th level, for one
simple reason. When there are disturbances at a given level, that level
counteracts them by _varying_ the reference levels of the next lower
systems. In fact, all actions by the higher system are carried out by
changing lower-level reference signals as required to keep the higher-level
perception at its reference level.

But at the system concept level, our reference signals show no signs of
being freely adjustable. One does not shift freely back and forth between
being a democrat and being a republican, being a behaviorist and being a
humanist, being a christian and being a muslim, being a scientist and being
a mystic. The reference signals that determine one's place in such arrays
of concepts are slow to form and slower to change, so that once we have
placed ourself in the spectrum of concepts, further change becomes very
unlikely. I'm not speaking theoretically here; there's no theoretical
principle I know of that would predict that the system concept level would
be the highest, or that it would be so hard to change, once formed. That
just seems to be how things are. How quickly could you drop your Christian
faith, now that you have one, or change it into something else? How quickly
could a behaviorist drop a faith in cause and effect and replace it with
PCT (or vice versa)?

If there were a 12th level of organized control, we would see system
concepts change whenever some disturbance started to alter a 12th-level
perception. And this change would not be random, like reorganization. It
would be predictable from knowing the disturbance and the 12-level
perception being controlled.

Suppose I picked "survival" as a possible 12th-level perception. The theory
would be that we vary system concepts on the basis of their effects on our
sense of survival. We could test this idea by creating a disturbance that
seemed to threaten survival, and then checking to see if any system
concepts had changed. In fact, we could set up the situation so that in
order to survive, the person would _have_ to change his or her system
concepts in a particular way. If survival were really a goal at a level
higher than the system concept of Christianity, then presenting a person
with the choice of dying or changing to a different religion, or none,
would have an immediate effect: the religious system would change, and the
person would not die. Then, of course, the person could be presented with
the opposite choice: become a Christian again, or die. And the person would
change back.

I think the general consensus would be that if a person changed religions
that easily, they were not true believers to begin with. Of course under
duress, where torture or extreme deprivation is being applied,
reorganization is likely to begin, so we could well see _some_ changes in
system concepts, although not organized changes (some might drop their
religious convictions while others strengthened them, reorganization being
a random process). But reorganization is not a 12th level of _organized_
control by _systematic_ means. Random changes in system concepts are not
signs of a 12th level of control.

So I have to conclude that since we don't see systematic changes in system
concepts taking place as a means of controlling for survival, even when
changing them would immediately improve the prospects of surviving,
survival is not a 12th-level goal.

In the same way, I would reject any proposed 12th-level goal if disturbing
the perception that goes with it did not result in immediate changes in the
related system concepts. We could test each system concept by setting up a
situation where it would be _necessary_ to change the system concept in
order to achieve the next higher goal. If there really is a higher goal, to
which the system concept is subordinate, the system concept would
immediately change, just as we would freely turn left to reach a
destination if the way to the right was blocked. This shows that the
direction of turning is a goal subordinate to the goal of reaching the
destination, and thus of a lower order. In the same way, if a particular
goal is being controlled at the 12th level, any system concept will be
changed immediately if doing so is necessary to preserve the higher
perception.

Best,

Bill P.

from [Kenny Kitzke (990809.1200EDT) ]

<Marc Abrams (990808.2149)>

<Whoa Ken!! Have you read the journal article that I asked Bill about?>

No. I'm not sure what journal article you mean or whether Bill read it
either. There is lots of stuff to read out there. I'll certainly consider
doing so when you explain what it might explain that I wonder about.

<I suggest you do before you make any additional comments. You are _way off_
base :slight_smile: here.>

That's strange. Weren't you were recently telling everyone over and over
that speculation is the beginning of science? Or, does that depend upon who
is speculating?

As far as being way off base, it would not be the first time for me, for most
PCTers or most humans. Couldn't being off base may be a way of learning from
others? Who determines when someone is off-base anyhow? You are coercing me
into not speaking my mind or wondering about how things might work. I don't
like this feeling of being perceived as off-base. I guess I should just shut
up and not speculate without studing the universe of knowledge first.

This is not a serious post, Marc. I did not take yours to be with the :sunglasses:
included. Or, was it?

Kenny

from [ Marc Abrams (990809.1220) ]

From [Kenny Kitzke (990809.1200EDT) ]

<Marc Abrams (990808.2149)>

<Whoa Ken!! Have you read the journal article that I asked Bill about?>

No. I'm not sure what journal article you mean or whether Bill read it
either. There is lots of stuff to read out there. I'll certainly

consider

doing so when you explain what it might explain that I wonder about.

You commented on an answer Bill gave me to a specific question I had about
one of the methods used by the Plooij's in their work with apes. It
concerned the ability to tell when or if control was developed for a
certain level. It had nothing to do with the "highest level". It had to do
with _any_ level. I was just trying to find out if Bill had any additional
thoughts on the 3 methods they used to try and tell when a new level of
control was acheived. Real interesting. They also wrote a book _Why They
Cry_ that deals with human infants. I am currently re-reading that.

This is not a serious post, Marc. I did not take yours to be with the :sunglasses:
included. Or, was it?

A bit of miscommunication and misinterpretation :-). My "off base" comment
was _specifically_ aimed at your remark to Bill about his answer to me. It
had _nothing_ to do with your speculation about the 12th level. Hey, go for
it :-).

Ken, I really believe that reasonable speculation is the beginning of all
serious enquiry. But at some point you have to be able to _test_ those
assumptions. When something is untestable, it does not necessarily diminish
the validity of the idea. It just means that it must be taken on "faith".
For some of us with regard to certain things, that seems to be sufficient.
For others it isn't. Whatever works for ya :slight_smile:

Marc

[From Bill Powers (990809.1142 MDT)]

Bruce Nevin (990809.1045)--

I think the general consensus would be that if a person changed religions
that easily, they were not true believers to begin with.

Is the following a fair generalization from this?

`If a person changed system-level perceptions that easily, they were not
true system concepts to begin with.

I wasn't speaking theoretically, but on the basis of what I think the
common judgement would be. If you're a Catholic this week and a Muslim next
week, most people in these faiths (or elsewhere) would probably say you're
not much of either one.

What would follow from my argument would be that if there is a 12th level,
system concepts ought to be easily changeable. If they are not, that is an
argument against existence of a 12th level.

You see the difficulty. Suppose a person had developed a 12th level of
control systems that twiddled system-level perceptions as their means of
control. They probably would be perceived by others as lacking true system
concepts entirely.

Yes, probably. And conversely, if there is no 12th level, then sticking to
one's system concepts may happen not because we _choose_ to be steadfast,
but just because it's so hard to change them.

Milton Rokeach studied the differences between people with very rigidly
held belief-disbelief systems and others who were more flexible, and
(differently) those who were open to entertaining new beliefs (or
disbeliefs) and those who were closed-minded. One day I'll find his book
_The Open and Closed Mind_ again (it's packed in a box) and restructure his
experimental cosmology test as a PCT experiment;

Should be interesting. People do change system concepts, but do they really
do it on purpose? For example, does anyone ever change a system concept as
a result of a logical argument? Or is it necessary to be in a state of
serious reorganization for this to happen? Speaking for myself, I am not
aware of any higher-level goals than the system concept level, but of
course I wouldn't be if there were a 12th level but no 13th level (no place
from which to view the 12th level). Being aware of one's own system
concepts may be evidence for at least a 12th level of perception, but does
not imply control. Control at the 12th level would be shown by variations
in 11th-level reference signals.

One more thing, as to immediacy of changing system concepts to resist
disturbance to a level-12 perception: the rate of change at level 11 would
be slowest of all, nowhere near as fast as "freely turn[ing] left to reach a
destination if the way to the right was blocked." How slow? To be
determined.

Yes, and the real question is "how slow to _begin_ changing?" How long does
it take a person to realize that his self-concept has been disturbed? I
don't think it's long - a few seconds at most. It would take longer to make
an effective correction of the error.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Bruce Nevin (990809.1045)]

Bill Powers (990809.0633 MDT)--

I think the general consensus would be that if a person changed religions
that easily, they were not true believers to begin with.

Is the following a fair generalization from this?

`If a person changed system-level perceptions that easily, they were not
true system concepts to begin with.'

You see the difficulty. Suppose a person had developed a 12th level of
control systems that twiddled system-level perceptions as their means of
control. They probably would be perceived by others as lacking true system
concepts entirely.

Milton Rokeach studied the differences between people with very rigidly
held belief-disbelief systems and others who were more flexible, and
(differently) those who were open to entertaining new beliefs (or
disbeliefs) and those who were closed-minded. One day I'll find his book
_The Open and Closed Mind_ again (it's packed in a box) and restructure his
experimental cosmology test as a PCT experiment; or anyone here could do
that. For appropriately selected beliefs/disbeliefs, it might disclose
differences between those developing a higher level of control and those
with fixed references at the system concept level. It seems to me that the
differences are often confused with ideology, because conservatives
typically believe that guiding principles are imposed from without upon
inherently unruly human nature, and liberals typically believe that healthy
and beneficial guiding principles arise naturally from within an individual
who is given wholesome nurture and support; but I don't think the apparent
correspondence is simple.

"Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before
breakfast!" (One of the Queens in _Alice Through the Looking-Glass_)

One more thing, as to immediacy of changing system concepts to resist
disturbance to a level-12 perception: the rate of change at level 11 would
be slowest of all, nowhere near as fast as "freely turn[ing] left to reach a
destination if the way to the right was blocked." How slow? To be
determined. But trying on an alternative system concept (just like
imagining turning left) could be virtually instaneous, and the
open-mindedness and flexibility to do so might be a prerequisite to being
able actually to resist a disturbance by choosing the alternative. A lot of
Sufi teaching, for example, counters mental sclerosis.

  Bruce Nevin

[From Kenny Kitzke (990810.1300EDT)]

<Bill Powers (990809.0633 MDT)>

Thanks for your post Bill. It is so thought provocive, I don't know where to
start or where to end. :sunglasses: I guess that makes it worthwhile.

<I had in mind the initial growth of the hierarchy.>

I understand and agree. Our personal control reference hierachies seem to
grow over a lifetime by a process of learning and experiencing, the details
of which are not totally understood.

<From what the Plooijs
seem to have found, the hierarchy has reached the sequence level by the age
of 18 months, so we could expect the system-concept level to begin
functioning not too long after that. What the Plooijs reported was that
just after a new level comes into view, its operation looks stereotyped, as
if the reference signals were not being varied by a higher level of control
system.>

This makes intuitive sense even though I have not studied their experiments.
Of course, I think this argues for the possibility of a higher or 12-Level of
Perception perhaps being formed as a person searches for the deepest meanings
of life?

<But as the next level begins to form, _random_ variations appear,
so that for a time behavior seems to become _less_ organized, even
regressing to earlier stages.>

I agree this is quite possible. I do not agree that the variations *need* to
be random. Can't they be studied and somewhat organized? When the
perceptual concept of S-R behavioral science became a disturbance to you, was
your look down on it really by random ideas? Did ice cream appear as a
possible explanation that was rejected until the idea of a control loop
randomly came along in your mind?

In my case, Catholicism wasn't giving me comfort about moral and spiritual
aspects of my conscious mind. I certainly considered the gamut and read
about the world's main relgions and philosophers. I regressed all the way to
perhaps there is no God at all and the Bible is a myth. If this is the sense
in which you are using "random," in a sense of considering a lot of
alternatives before latching on to something, then we are closer together on
this aspect of higher levels.

<I don't doubt that reorganization continues throughout life, at all levels.
However, as each level acquires a broader range of controlled variables,
and as all the levels acquire increasing skill, the occasions for
reorganization become fewer -- that, after all, is the point of acquiring
the systems in the hierarchy, to learn systematic ways of controlling one's
experiences so that the large errors that drive reorganization don't happen
any more.>

No quarrel. My last system level reorganization has dramatically changed
what variables I control and made that control more effective and life
dramatically better as I experience it.

<I'm not the only one who has remarked how hard it is to effect any changes
at the system concept level. In part, I think, this is because any change
at that level has far-reaching consequences at all the lower levels, so any
reorganization is more likely to increase than decrease intrinsic error. We
may reorganize at that level, but we're likely to reorganize right back to
where we were. This must be the case for any system, once it reaches a
state of minimum error: any further change is likely to be for the worse,
even if the minimum of error is only relative to local conditions.>

Now, we are starting to diverge. I sense that if your beliefs are disturbed
with big error (intrinsic to life itself or not), you can reorganize quite
quickly at the systems level. And, if your systems level is disturbed,
well...

At the conference you elegantly described an important change you personally
made in your life. You said you had what turned out to be a naive belief
that scientists were interested in the truth. BTW, I am paraphrasing what I
perceived you said, and please correct my rendition.

As life with PCT went on, you discovered a disturbance to this belief.
Various systems references kept at least some psychologists from behaving as
scientists according to your belief. I assume you handled this by changing a
systems concept of what science was really about in your own mind regardless
of what others did? That reduced the error for you and off you went doing
science in the way you perceived it should be done, even if others let you
down.

Are such changes in systems references necessarily hard or slow? What about
how fast conflict can change when you move up a level in MOL? Can't there be
a level above systems references where they can turn on a dime? Not that
they always do, but that it can be that way.

<A religious conversion, I would guess, results from a reorganization at the
system concept level. The new systematic way of looking at the world and
oneself results in a marked reduction in overall error, as new principles
are adopted and old ones are changed or dropped, resulting in the
resolution of conflicts both external and internal. The systemwide error
reduces below the level formerly accepted as normal, which may explain the
sense of peace and calm that is felt, the born-again feeling.>

Yes, indeed. That is why so many with that feeling want to tell everyone
else about it. From PCT, I've learned what a waste of time this is. :sunglasses:

<This sort of conversion experience is not limited to religion; John B.
Watson described one in which he suddenly realized that the bird in his hand
was being
caused to struggle by the sight of its nest. For the rest of his life, that
was _his_ system concept regarding behavior.>

Again, I agree. The 12th level of perception I am exploring is not limited
to religious concepts, although they may be in there. For example, I
listened to the Dalai Lama on TV the other day. He believes in a Spiritual
element of man that survives physical death and allows reincarnation in a new
body. He believes there is no Creator other than the one in his mind.
Fascinating stuff.

I've have used the term Spiritual Level to separate it from the more physical
world of natural experience of the body and mind. By definition it is
something about the human mind not found in the rest of the rhelm of living
things. I think that your human spirit causes you to search for the truth
about behavior. Where does that yearning for truth and discovery come from?
Did you create it? Were you taught it? Do others have it? Do all men have
it? Do apes have it but to less evolved degree? These are questions to
which I would like truthful answers. But, then again, according to Chris
Cherpas and his Enneagram Types, I'm just a Romantic, perhaps a hopeless one
at that. :sunglasses:

I see your rather long referenced post is getting to the crux of a 12th Level
of Perception. So, I will continue on that in a separate post with a new

Kenny

···

subject: The Twelfth Level.

[From Bruce Gregory (990810.1640 EDT)]

Kenny Kitzke (990810.1300EDT)

Of course, I think this argues for the possibility of a
higher or 12-Level of
Perception perhaps being formed as a person searches for the
deepest meanings
of life?

It occurs to me that because goals are so much a part of _our_
organization, we may be predisposed to believe that there is a being
whose exercise of control is revealed in all the situations over which
we have no control.

Bruce Gregory

[From Kenny Kitzke (990810.2000 EDT)]

<Bruce Gregory (990810.1640 EDT)>

<It occurs to me that because goals are so much a part of _our_
organization, we may be predisposed to believe that there is a being
whose exercise of control is revealed in all the situations over which
we have no control.>

Surely PCT has not revealed this to you Bruce. :sunglasses: We could speculate that
there is such a being and its all powerful and even omniscient. Not. That
would be like, like, a God! Heaven forbid. What a disturbance that would be
for many folks. We'd need a ton of MOL counselors then just to survive.
And, you, did not even come to the Workshop.

Now, be a nice boy and let me be a romantic for a while. Like Rick says, let
me control my perceptions right; that is the way I want them to be. You can
do yours right too and not disturb me.

Kenny

Kenny

[From Bruce Gregory (990810.2035 EDT)]

Kenny Kitzke (990810.2000 EDT)

Surely PCT has not revealed this to you Bruce. :sunglasses: We could
speculate that
there is such a being and its all powerful and even omniscient.

Well if there is, He's doing a miserable job of running things. If I were
He, I'd lay low at least until people forget where the buck stops.

Bruce Gregory