June Gloom

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1000)]

If you're within a mile or so of the coast here in Southern California, June
can be a pretty gloomy month. About this time of year an offshore flow keeps
the marine layer (also known as fog) hovering overhead, sometimes throughout
the day.

For reasons that I think are beyond explanation by even PCT, I find this
persistent grayness quite gloomy. So I need a little sunshine in my life. I
can get this by heading inland. But I'm stuck here at work (one the edge of
the Pacific) so it would be nice to get some surrogate sunshine in the form
of sunny thoughts about PCT.

Maybe a report from Bill on his trip to Arizona (which, I'm sure, had
_plenty_ of sunshine) or a report from anyone on some interesting work they
have done lately on PCT.

Let's see if I can jog some sunshine out of this group.

Best regards

Rick

···

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MindReadings.com
Home: 310 474 0313
Cell: 310 729 1400

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[From Fred Nickols (2005.06.16.1352)] --

I am surprised and disappointed, Rick. You, of all people on this list,
should know that all you need to do is reset your reference conditions (or
whatever) so that fog is perceived as sunshine. Even I, a mere PCT
dilettante, know that much. So, get on with it man, reset those things -
whatever they are and however they work, then sit back and enjoy the
sunshine. Remember: it's all perception.

Regards,

Fred Nickols
www.nickols.us
nickols@att.net

···

Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1000)]

If you're within a mile or so of the coast here in Southern California,
June
can be a pretty gloomy month. About this time of year an offshore flow
keeps
the marine layer (also known as fog) hovering overhead, sometimes
throughout
the day.

For reasons that I think are beyond explanation by even PCT, I find this
persistent grayness quite gloomy. So I need a little sunshine in my life.
I
can get this by heading inland. But I'm stuck here at work (one the edge
of
the Pacific) so it would be nice to get some surrogate sunshine in the
form
of sunny thoughts about PCT.

Maybe a report from Bill on his trip to Arizona (which, I'm sure, had
_plenty_ of sunshine) or a report from anyone on some interesting work
they
have done lately on PCT.

Let's see if I can jog some sunshine out of this group.

Best regards

Rick

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1325)]

Fred Nickols (2005.06.16.1352) --

I am surprised and disappointed, Rick. You, of all people on this list,
should know that all you need to do is reset your reference conditions (or
whatever) so that fog is perceived as sunshine.

Actually, the fog would still be perceived as fog. It's just would be that I
would suddenly like it foggy, because, having changed my reference, I would
now want the fog.

I think changing references is great idea though. I can make myself happier
by changing a lot of references. I'll start with changing my reference for
fog and for who I want as president of the US. Of course, then I'll become
gloomy if the sun comes out and Bush is impeached.

Best regards

Rick

···

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Richard S. Marken
MindReadings.com
Home: 310 474 0313
Cell: 310 729 1400

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[From Bill Powers (2005.06.16.1539 MDT)]

Fred Nickols (2005.06.16.1352) –

I am surprised and disappointed,
Rick. You, of all people on this list,

should know that all you need to do is reset your reference conditions
(or

whatever) so that fog is perceived as sunshine.

I trust that this was a joke, Fred – we all know that changing a
reference signal results in altering the amount of a perceptual
signal, but not the kind.

Best,

Bill P.]

···

Even I, a mere PCT

dilettante, know that much. So, get on with it man, reset those
things -

whatever they are and however they work, then sit back and enjoy the

sunshine. Remember: it’s all perception.

Regards,

Fred Nickols

www.nickols.us

nickols@att.net

Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1000)]

If you’re within a mile or so of the coast here in Southern
California,

June

can be a pretty gloomy month. About this time of year an offshore
flow

keeps

the marine layer (also known as fog) hovering overhead,
sometimes

throughout

the day.

For reasons that I think are beyond explanation by even PCT, I find
this

persistent grayness quite gloomy. So I need a little sunshine in my
life.

I

can get this by heading inland. But I’m stuck here at work (one the
edge

of

the Pacific) so it would be nice to get some surrogate sunshine in
the

form

of sunny thoughts about PCT.

Maybe a report from Bill on his trip to Arizona (which, I’m sure,
had

plenty of sunshine) or a report from anyone on some interesting
work

they

have done lately on PCT.

Let’s see if I can jog some sunshine out of this group.

Best regards

Rick

[From Fred Nickols (2005.06.16.1836 ET)] –

It was indeed an attempt at humor, trying
to bring some sunshine into Rick’s day. Nevertheless, as usual,
vast ignorance was on display. Oh well, I learn, even if slowly and
painfully.

Regards,

Fred Nickols

From Bill Powers (2005.06.16.1539 MDT)]
I trust that this was a joke, Fred – we all know that changing a reference
signal results in altering the amount
of a perceptual signal, but not the kind.

[From Richard Kennaway (2005.06.16.2339 BST)]

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1000)]
Let's see if I can jog some sunshine out of this group.

I have a simulation of a standing robot that can balance a broomstick on its back, will that do? It doesn't walk carrying the broomstick (yet), just stands in place, swaying to and fro to counteract the random wind blowing on the broomstick.

I recently switched from the Vortex physics engine to NovodeX, which has about the same functionality, but the great advantage of being free for non-commercial users. This means that I can distribute my simulation and it can be run on any Windows machine. I'll see about putting it up on the web.

I'm beginning to put together a proper journal paper on the subject, but at the moment it's mainly a list of section hadings.

-- Richard Kennaway

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1610)]

Richard Kennaway (2005.06.16.2339 BST)

Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1000)
Let's see if I can jog some sunshine out of this group.

I have a simulation of a standing robot that can balance a broomstick
on its back, will that do? It doesn't walk carrying the broomstick
(yet), just stands in place, swaying to and fro to counteract the
random wind blowing on the broomstick.

It's just what I need!!

I took Fred Nickols' advice and changed my reference for fog (to wanting it)
and damned if the sun didn't come out just now. So now I'm sitting here all
gloomy on a sunny day. Maybe I should balance a broomstick on my back!

Is the robot simulation up on the net?

Best

Rick

···

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Richard S. Marken
MindReadings.com
Home: 310 474 0313
Cell: 310 729 1400

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[From Bill Powers (2005.06.16.1921 MDT)]

Richard Kennaway (2005.06.16.2339 BST) --

I have a simulation of a standing robot that can balance a broomstick on its back, will that do? It doesn't walk carrying the broomstick (yet), just stands in place, swaying to and fro to counteract the random wind blowing on the broomstick.

Wonderful, Richard. I'm so glad you're still working away at this. My book plans have contracted quite a lot -- I'm just trying to get all my old simulations updated, written up, and published. The grander project I had in mind last year will have to wait a while. Feel free to follow your own path -- in fact I am eager to see what it is.

It's possible that I'll be in Scotland visiting Tim Carey in late August or early September. I'll try to work some UK travels into the picture, maybe by train. Any ideas?

I'll have a look at the new simulation program.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.17,10:00 EST)]
At first sight it looks as if Bill and Rick/Fred show a disagreement.

[From Bill Powers (2005.06.16.1539 MDT)]

I trust that this was a joke, Fred -- we all know that changing a
reference signal results in altering the amount of a perceptual
signal, but not the kind.

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.16.1610)]

I took Fred Nickols' advice and changed my reference
for fog (to wanting it) and damned if the sun didn't come
out just now.

But a more detailed perusal tells me that Bill uses the word "change". And
of course "if you change a kind" you still have the kind.
If Rick/Fred changes from liking sun to like fog, I consider Bill explains
that they lower the reference for liking sun. And with a very low reference
for liking sun, they don't respond to a foggy weather.

I understand that a reference can be changed by changing the gain. And the
gain may change if we get tired or worn-out. How do we change a reference in
other ways. I think upon the "will" concept. How do we change a wish for
something to a will for the same thing?

It was Bill who used the word "change". Fred requested Rick to "reset" his
reference.
A way to reset a reference is to move up a level. But wishing a foggy
weather and wishing a sunny weather are two wishes at the same level. And if
a person doesn't wish a foggy weather, he neither has the reference for this
wish. How do we change to a reference we don't have?
We can reorganize. But reorganizing isn't done in a day or two and we can't
reorganize to a certain reference. The result after reorganizing isn't known
before reorganizing is finished.

Maybe we have more references than we think we have. Maybe we have a
reference for foggy weather even though we know we have a reference for
sunny weather. But the reference value for foggy weather is so low that it
doesn't represent any thing for us.

I think about our control at the Relationship level. I think this is a
substantial level of control. In [From Bill Powers (2005.06.07.0758(] Re:
reinforcement - Is the Phenomenon Real? Bill talked about a state of
relationship called "similarity".

Something has occurred "again," which means you're remembering
a previous occurrence, comparing it with the present one, and noting
that the two perceptions match; they are not only of the same kind,
but they occupy the same place on their scale of variation. This is not
comparison in the sense of a comparator, however: it's perception of
a particular state of the relationship called "similarity." The way you
can verify this is to set the reference for the similarity perception to
some other state. Do the piroutte "again", but about half as fast. Now
you're maintaining a specific difference between the present and past
perceptions, showing that exact duplication is only one point on a
scale of similarity (this is much like tracking: you can keep the cursor
a fixed distance away from the target, as well as on it).

I guess we also have other states of relationship called "the opposite of"
or ""of no consequences to me" and corresponding concepts.
I don't know what the opposite of sunny weather is but if Rick/Fred have a
reference for "sunny weather is of no consequence to me" at the same time
they have a reference for sunny weather, then they could change the value of
the reference where sunny weather is of no consequence to me. I don't know
how.

Then they get a conflict, don't they? Well, they can change the reference
value for sunny weather also. But how?

The Relationship level is an extensive level.

bjorn

[From Bill Powers (2005.06.17.0651 MDT)]

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.17,10:00 EST)--

At first sight it looks as if Bill and Rick/Fred show a disagreement.
But a more detailed perusal tells me that Bill uses the word "change". And
of course "if you change a kind" you still have the kind.
If Rick/Fred changes from liking sun to like fog, I consider Bill explains
that they lower the reference for liking sun. And with a very low reference
for liking sun, they don't respond to a foggy weather.

When there is much fog, there is little sun. So the controlled perception Rick speaks of might be either fog (reference level set low) or sun (reference set high). The nature of the perception under control is determined by the input function, not by the reference signal. One input function perceives one variable, and never any other variable.

If a control system is controlling fog and the reference signal in that control system is low, then when there is fog an error will exist, and when there is no fog, the error will be low or zero. If a control system is controlling fog and the reference signal is set high, then when there is fog there will be no error and when there is no fog there will be an error. The same idea applies if a (different) control system is controlling sun: low reference signal and sun ---> high error, high reference signal and sun --> low error, and so on.

Note that sucessful control feels good, and unsuccessful control feels bad, so if you want fog and there is fog that seems good, but if there is no fog that feels bad because you have no action for creating fog.

Reference signals are exactly the same in nature no matter what is being controlled. The reference signal for fog would look just like the reference signal for sun, if you could see it. Either one is just a train of neural impulses. The only thing that makes one a reference signal for fog is that it enters the comparator for the control system that perceives the degree of fog and controls it. The reference signal simply indicates, by its magnitude, how large the corresponding perceptual signal is to be.

There can be conflict because one control system can be controlling for a low or high degree of fog while another is controlling for a low or high degree of sun, at the same time. If a higher system has sent the wrong combination of reference signals to these two control systems, both high or both low, there is no way they can both be satisfied at the same time by their respective perceptual signals. You can have a moderate anmount of fogginess at the same time as a little sunniness, but not high or low degrees of both at the same time.

In the PCT model, one control system perceives and controls one kind of variable and only one kind. Each different kind of variable is perceived and controlled by a physically different control system. A reference signal that enters the comparator of one control system does not enter the comparator of any other control system (though a higher-order system can send reference signals simultaneously, by different paths, to more than one lower-order system).

When Rick says "I" am controlling for sunshine, he is not referring to the "I" that likes chocolate ice cream or the "I" that writes programs or even the "I" that dislikes fog. He is talking about one single control system inside his brain, and he is speaking as if from the point of view of that one control system. The others are all still there and are still acting as appropriate to control their perceptions relative to whatever reference signals they are each currently receiving.

Since a reference signal enters only one comparator, changing the reference signal can change only the amount of the corresponding perception that is required if the error signal is to be zero. To change from wanting no fog to wanting sunshine, you would have to turn off the reference signal going to the system that controls the perception of fog (or disable the whole control system) and turn on the reference signal going to the system that controls the perception of sun (or enable that control system if it is disabled). In the case where the reference signal is excitatory and the perceptual signal is inhibitory, a comparator can produce an error signal only if the reference signal is larger than the perceptual signal. This means that setting the reference signal to zero in such a system is the same as disabling it: there will never be any error signal if the only signal entering the comparator is an inhibitory perceptual signal. If you set a low value of reference signal, that will produce an error signal that creates output that increases the perceptual signal, but only enough output to bring the perceptual signal to nearly the same small magnitude as the reference signal. An excess of the perceptual signal will not create any error signal. In order for an excess as well as a deficiency of a perceptual signal to create an error signal, a second comparator must exist with the inhibitory and excitatory effects interchanged.

These are the properties of the PCT model as it stands now. One can, of course, argue for other arrangements, and try to find evidence for them. However, while applying PCT in its present form to anything, these are the properties that should be used. Any other forms should be stated explicitly as being alternative propositions being offered in place of the PCT model. It is very confusing when alternative theories are used without making it clear that the implied properties are different from the basic properties of the PCT model.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.17.0955)]

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.17,10:00 EST)

You, of all people on this list, should know that all you need to
do is reset your reference conditions (or whatever) so that fog is
perceived as sunshine.

Which implies that I can change what I perceive by changing my reference for
that perception. I addressed this by simply noting that if I changed my
reference (from wanting sunshine to wanting fog) I would still be perceiving
fog, though now I would like that perception because it matches my new
reference. Bill has said the same thing in his two posts (Bill Powers
(2005.06.16.1539 MDT), Bill Powers (2005.06.17.0651 MDT)) on the subject,
while giving a bit more detail.

My comments have been aimed at explaining some of the possible shortcomings
inherent in dealing with one's problems (not getting the perceptions -- like
sunshine -- that one wants) by changing one's wants (references). If I want
(have a reference level) for sunshine on a foggy day I can solve my problem
(as Fred correctly notes) by changing what I want (changing my reference
level from sunshine -- high brightness, really -- to fog --low brightness).

By changing my reference in this way, my perception (of fog, low
brightness) will now match my reference and there will be no error. So I'll
be content. But if the perception itself changes (the sun comes out,
resulting in a perception of high brightness) I will again be glum (there
will be error in my outdoor brightness control system) because I am no
longer getting the perception (fog, low brightness) that I want.

I could make myself happy by revising my reference level once again. What
I'm doing here is keeping myself happy by continuously revising my wants to
match my perceptions. This would keep the error for the level of the
perception of brightness low. The problem is that revising my reference in
this way is likely to create error for higher level systems that use this
reference (for brightness) as a means of controlling other perceptions. The
problem is that we are a hierarchy of control systems and we can't
arbitrarily change references (our wants). While doing this may reduce error
at one level, it will almost certainly create error at other levels.

It's complicated being a hierarchy of control systems. But you get used to
it.

Best regards

Rick

···

At first sight it looks as if Bill and Rick/Fred show a disagreement. Actually, the disagreement is between Rick/Bill and Fred. The disagreement exists only because Fred had said

--
Richard S. Marken
MindReadings.com
Home: 310 474 0313
Cell: 310 729 1400

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[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.18,09:45 EST)]

From Bill Powers (2005.06.17.0651 MDT)

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.17,10:00 EST)-

And with a very low reference
for liking sun, they don't respond to a foggy weather.

One input function perceives one variable, and never any other variable.

I am sorry, I see that my ordinary mode of expression shows an apparently
ignorance. And I appreciate your crystal clear expression.

Your presentation as far as to your last but one section is wonderful and it
is the way I understand PCT, but a way I don't manage to express. The fact
that you spent time on such comments makes my own understanding more mature
and gives me a higher readiness when I express myself later.
The same is to say about your last but one section, but here I will ask for
more comments.

Since a reference signal enters only one comparator, changing the reference
signal can change only the amount of the corresponding perception that is
required if the error signal is to be zero. To change from wanting no fog
to wanting sunshine, you would have to turn off the reference signal going
to the system that controls the perception of fog (or disable the whole
control system) and turn on the reference signal going to the system that
controls the perception of sun (or enable that control system if it is
disabled). In the case where the reference signal is excitatory and the
perceptual signal is inhibitory, a comparator can produce an error signal
only if the reference signal is larger than the perceptual signal. This
means that setting the reference signal to zero in such a system is the
same as disabling it: there will never be any error signal if the only
signal entering the comparator is an inhibitory perceptual signal. If you
set a low value of reference signal, that will produce an error signal that
creates output that increases the perceptual signal, but only enough output
to bring the perceptual signal to nearly the same small magnitude as the
reference signal. An excess of the perceptual signal will not create any
error signal. In order for an excess as well as a deficiency of a
perceptual signal to create an error signal, a second comparator must exist
with the inhibitory and excitatory effects interchanged.

This section is clear, and comprehensible. This is the theory and this is
fundamental when models are prepared. My question is: _How_ do ordinary
people change their references? _How_ do ordinary people change from
wanting no fog to wanting fog? _How_ do ordinary people change from wanting
to smoke cigarettes to not wanting to smoke cigarettes?
If you want to change from wanting fog to wanting sunshine, you would have
to turn off the reference signal going to the system that controls the
perception of fog (or disable the whole control system) and turn on the
reference signal going to the system that controls the perception of sun (or
enable that control system if it is disabled).
It isn't that easy that you just say: "Now I don't want fog anymore, now I
want sunshine", is it?

I did read your last section many times. It made me some uncertain.
With my skill in PCT I have no ambitions to propose alternative propositions
to PCT. If any of my mails may be comprehended in that way, you shall assign
it to an immature way of expression for many years in future.
Apart from that, I agree with your last section.
And I appreciated your mail very high.

bjorn

[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.18,14:30 EST)]

From Rick Marken (2005.06.17.0955)

Which implies that I can change what I perceive by changing my reference

for

that perception. I addressed this by simply noting that if I changed my
reference (from wanting sunshine to wanting fog) I would still be

perceiving

fog, though now I would like that perception because it matches my new
reference. Bill has said the same thing in his two posts (Bill Powers
(2005.06.16.1539 MDT), Bill Powers (2005.06.17.0651 MDT)) on the subject,
while giving a bit more detail.

This may be interpreted as hair-splitting. I may read your text in a way
where you one day have a reference for sunshine valued (a lot) greater than
zero. The next day you say you have changed it to wanting fog with a
reference valued (a lot) greater than zero. I refer to:

From Bill Powers (2005.06.17.0651 MDT)

Reference signals are exactly the same in nature no matter what is being
controlled. The reference signal for fog would look just like the reference
signal for sun, if you could see it. Either one is just a train of neural
impulses. The only thing that makes one a reference signal for fog is that
it enters the comparator for the control system that perceives the degree
of fog and controls it. The reference signal simply indicates, by its
magnitude, how large the corresponding perceptual signal is to be.

Therefore I choose to read your text as if you one day have a reference for
sunshine (a lot) greater than zero. Then you turn off the reference that
goes to the sunshine comparator (or disable the whole control system). I am
not sure _how_ you do that different from just wishing to not perceive
sunshine. And the next day you turn on the reference signal that goes to the
fog comparator (or enable that control system if it is disabled). I am
neither not sure _how_ you do that different from just wishing to perceive
fog.

The reason I choose to read your text in that way is your choice to not
perceive sun nor fog, but a low degree of brightness. I guess you feel very
well late in the evenings and the nights ;).

I could make myself happy by revising my reference level once again. What
I'm doing here is keeping myself happy by continuously revising my wants to
match my perceptions. This would keep the error for the level of the
perception of brightness low.

Maybe you should once for all revise both your references for sunshine and
for fog to a level where you get minimal error either it is sunshine or
thick fog. Then you get the best reference you can get for not being
dependent of the weather.

The problem is that revising my reference in
this way is likely to create error for higher level systems that use this
reference (for brightness) as a means of controlling other perceptions. The
problem is that we are a hierarchy of control systems and we can't
arbitrarily change references (our wants). While doing this may reduce

error

at one level, it will almost certainly create error at other levels.

Yes, changing the values for references at the level you control may result
in errors at lower levels, but I think they change to the best to get zero
error on the level you really control your perceptions.

It's complicated being a hierarchy of control systems. But you get used to

it.

We are all hierarchical control systems.
If you by "complicated" think upon "difficult", I am not sure I agree. I
prefer to think upon the concept "intricate".
Some of us get used to it, but I have sympathy for them who live with strong
conflicts.

bjorn

[From Bill Powers (2005.06.19.0556 MDT)]

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.18,09:45 EST) --

My question is: _How_ do ordinary people change their references?

In the simplest way possible: by wanting something different at a higher level that requires a change in the perception coming from the lower system. Remember how the hierarchy is constructed: reference signals at a given level are created by the outputs of systems at the next higher level; perceptions at the higher level are created out of perceptions of lower levels.

_How_ do ordinary people change from wanting no fog to wanting fog? _How_ do ordinary people change from wanting to smoke cigarettes to not wanting to smoke cigarettes?

If you have to drive from your house to someone else's house, you probably will want no fog. If you want a sense of being enclosed and isolated from the world, you may find you like the feeling of having fog all around. You do not want fog or no fog simply to have fog or no fog. Whatever you want, you want for a reason, and the reason is to be found at a higher level. What you want at one level is only a means of controlling an experience at a higher level. So says the theory, as of today. So far, it seems to be correct.

Wanting to smoke a cigarette is no different, as I found when I quit. It is greatly complicated, however, by the fact that smoking temporarily alleviates a sense of emptiness, almost like hunger, that is also caused by smoking after the initial anesthesia wears off. The warnings against the dangers of smoking are hypothetical, since you do not feel the most dangerous effects until it is too late. The feelings associated with smoking are immediate and real. Smoking, like drinking and taking drugs, is an attempt to feel better, physically and emotionally, which works in the short term but which causes worse feelings immediately afterward, which can be controlled only by smoking or drinking (etc.) more. People would not drink, smoke, or take drugs if doing so did not make them feel substantially better. But these activities cause the very symptoms we use them to get rid of, so a positive feedback situation is created from which there is no escape -- until, at a higher level, we manage to comprehend the trap we are in and experience higher-level errors that can be corrected only by breaking the cycle and correctly perceiving what is going on. Reorganization is required, which means that some degree of good luck is involved in achieving any change.

It isn't that easy that you just say: "Now I don't want fog anymore, now I
want sunshine", is it?

No. If you do that, you will meet with resistance from the higher system that set the reference level for fog or no fog, sunshine or no sunshine, in the first place. You will be using your own volition to cause arbitrary changes that produce errors in your own control systems, which will resist automatically. It is interesting that you can do this, of course. What is volition, that it can attempt to create signals that oppose signals from other control systems inside you?

The Method of Levels is my attempt to help people find the places at higher levels where reorganization will create changes that are effective in resolving conflicts, and perhaps in getting out of positive feedback traps (a possibility that has only just occurred to me while replying to your questions). We are still exploring the effectiveness of this approach, and coming to understand it better.

The changes that resolve problems are not simply changes in reference signals. They are changes in the way reference signals are adjusted when there are errors in higher-level systems. Instead of reaching for a cigarette when I feel a little anxious, I now look for the source of the anxiety and try to remove its cause instead of just the effect. I understand the feelings better that I used to control by smoking or drinking, and now I have different ways of dealing with the problems behind them, so I don't experience them as much.

When I get that feeling I used to call "wanting a cigarette," and I still get it even after eight years or so, I now simply wonder whose face I want to hit. And usually I find something like that going on.

Best,

Bill P.

[From Rick Marken (2005.06.19.1030)]

Bill Powers (2005.06.19.0556 MDT) --

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.18,09:45 EST) --

It isn't that easy that you just say: "Now I don't want fog anymore, now I
want sunshine", is it?

No. If you do that, you will meet with resistance from the higher system that set the reference level for fog or no fog, sunshine or no sunshine, in the first place...

The Method of Levels is my attempt to help people find the places at higher levels where reorganization will create changes that are effective in resolving conflicts, and perhaps in getting out of positive feedback traps...

The changes that resolve problems are not simply changes in reference signals. They are changes in the way reference signals are adjusted when there are errors in higher-level systems...

Yes. I have described this as a change in "_how_ we want." You give a nice example of what I this means, using an example that is familiar to me as well:

Instead of reaching for a cigarette when I feel a little anxious, I now look for the source of the anxiety and try to remove its cause instead of just the effect. I understand the feelings better that I used to control by smoking or drinking, and now I have different ways of dealing with the problems behind them, so I don't experience them as much.

Happy father's day.

Best

Rick

···

---
Richard S. Marken
marken@mindreadings.com
Home 310 474-0313
Cell 310 729-1400

[From Richard Kennaway (2005.06.19.2148 BST)]

[From Bill Powers (2005.06.16.1921 MDT)]
Wonderful, Richard. I'm so glad you're still working away at this. My book plans have contracted quite a lot -- I'm just trying to get all my old simulations updated, written up, and published. The grander project I had in mind last year will have to wait a while. Feel free to follow your own path -- in fact I am eager to see what it is.

It's possible that I'll be in Scotland visiting Tim Carey in late August or early September. I'll try to work some UK travels into the picture, maybe by train. Any ideas?

Well, I'd be pleased to meet you if you're travelling as far south as Norwich. I'll be away on holiday the first three weeks of August.

I'll have a look at the new simulation program.

I've just put the current version on the web at
http://www.cmp.uea.ac.uk/~jrk/Robotics/ArchyDistrib2005Jun.zip

There's a readme file that describes how to use it.

I don't recall if I ever made available the paper I presented at Control 2004, but it's now linked to from Robotics and Perceptual Control Theory

-- Richard Kennaway

[from Jason Gosnell (2005.06.20.2005CST)]

From Bill Powers (2005.06.19.0556 MDT)

No. If you do that, you will meet with resistance from the higher system

that set the reference level for fog or no fog, sunshine or no sunshine, in
the first place. You will be using your own volition to cause arbitrary
changes that produce errors in your own control systems, which will resist
automatically. It is interesting that you can do this, of course. What is
volition, that it can attempt to create signals that oppose signals from
other control systems inside you?<<

This seems to be the most critical thing to me. You can't really fool your
nervous system--not for long anyway. It's funny that the mind or ego or
whatever can set this up. It seems that any successful movement must include
things as they are now--before I can move--an acceptance of "what is" I mean
as noting what my actual experience is before idealizing a solution. Maybe
it's OK as a hypothesis to have an idea, but one can follow this and ignore
error signals for quite some time...I learn this the hard way on
occasion--bigger freakin error signals! The, finally, "what is going on?"Of
course, learning it is OK, that's a part of the process. That we can intend
something without regard to the facts of biology for example is amazing...I
guess we just struggle and test things out as we go. This issue could be one
of PCT's contributions to mental health as a profession where some of this
has been tried only to result in more illness.

I have seen some of Dick's awareness/MOL approach as it stands in the book I
have and I suppose RTP is a form of it too. Does anyone else have an
organized or simple approach to the MOL? I have just a totally random
approach of stopping and asking myself what is going on within me now?
What's this all about? There's a lot of thinking BS I sometimes get caught
in and confused by--my habitual way of thinking--sometimes I magically
plunge through that right into an awareness of the problem...and then from
there is just an ongoing process of observation and responding differently.
Even more difficult than getting to the problem sometimes is coping with or
experiencing the feelings. So, this is another kind of skill--how to hold a
feeling in awareness and not get pulled into identification or disowning it.
I know one way is to assist with self-talk: "I am aware that the feeling of
anger is in me now", or saying Hello to anger even and even imagining
breathing with the feeling. Sometimes that helps massage it a bit. Somehow
the relationship to the feeling is modified through the self-talk. Is an
explanation of this assistance from internal speech included in PCT? I can
see that it allows the observer to become more active--there is some
distance from the experience and yet some connection.

I have included an interesting set of questions for breaking identification
with thought by Byron Katie...

Is it true?
  includes the variation on this question...what's the Reality of it?
Can I absolutely know it is true?
  includes...where's my proof?
How do I react when I think that thought?
Who would I be without that thought? or, what would my experience be without
that thought?

It seems very effective at times, other times it seems better to have a
randomness to my self questions.

Do people have any methods like this organized? Also, if interested, there
is something interesting on Eugene Gendlin's Focusing approach that may be
like MOL, but he doesn't explain the idea of "levels" at all:
www.focusing.org. If anyone is interested, I would love to see a PCT
explanation of this process.

Regards, Jason Gosnell

···

-----Original Message-----
From: Bill Powers [mailto:powers_w@FRONTIER.NET]
Sent: Sunday, June 19, 2005 8:38 AM
To: CSGNET@listserv.uiuc.edu
Subject: Re: June Gloom

Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.18,09:45 EST) --

My question is: _How_ do ordinary people change their references?

In the simplest way possible: by wanting something different at a higher
level that requires a change in the perception coming from the lower
system. Remember how the hierarchy is constructed: reference signals at a
given level are created by the outputs of systems at the next higher level;
perceptions at the higher level are created out of perceptions of lower
levels.

_How_ do ordinary people change from wanting no fog to wanting
fog? _How_ do ordinary people change from wanting to smoke cigarettes to
not wanting to smoke cigarettes?

If you have to drive from your house to someone else's house, you probably
will want no fog. If you want a sense of being enclosed and isolated from
the world, you may find you like the feeling of having fog all around. You
do not want fog or no fog simply to have fog or no fog. Whatever you want,
you want for a reason, and the reason is to be found at a higher level.
What you want at one level is only a means of controlling an experience at
a higher level. So says the theory, as of today. So far, it seems to be
correct.

Wanting to smoke a cigarette is no different, as I found when I quit. It is
greatly complicated, however, by the fact that smoking temporarily
alleviates a sense of emptiness, almost like hunger, that is also caused by
smoking after the initial anesthesia wears off. The warnings against the
dangers of smoking are hypothetical, since you do not feel the most
dangerous effects until it is too late. The feelings associated with
smoking are immediate and real. Smoking, like drinking and taking drugs, is
an attempt to feel better, physically and emotionally, which works in the
short term but which causes worse feelings immediately afterward, which can
be controlled only by smoking or drinking (etc.) more. People would not
drink, smoke, or take drugs if doing so did not make them feel
substantially better. But these activities cause the very symptoms we use
them to get rid of, so a positive feedback situation is created from which
there is no escape -- until, at a higher level, we manage to comprehend the
trap we are in and experience higher-level errors that can be corrected
only by breaking the cycle and correctly perceiving what is going on.
Reorganization is required, which means that some degree of good luck is
involved in achieving any change.

It isn't that easy that you just say: "Now I don't want fog anymore, now I
want sunshine", is it?

The Method of Levels is my attempt to help people find the places at higher
levels where reorganization will create changes that are effective in
resolving conflicts, and perhaps in getting out of positive feedback traps
(a possibility that has only just occurred to me while replying to your
questions). We are still exploring the effectiveness of this approach, and
coming to understand it better.

The changes that resolve problems are not simply changes in reference
signals. They are changes in the way reference signals are adjusted when
there are errors in higher-level systems. Instead of reaching for a
cigarette when I feel a little anxious, I now look for the source of the
anxiety and try to remove its cause instead of just the effect. I
understand the feelings better that I used to control by smoking or
drinking, and now I have different ways of dealing with the problems behind
them, so I don't experience them as much.

When I get that feeling I used to call "wanting a cigarette," and I still
get it even after eight years or so, I now simply wonder whose face I want
to hit. And usually I find something like that going on.

Best,

Bill P.
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[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.21,13:20 EST)]

From Bill Powers (2005.06.19.0556 MDT)
No. If you do that, you will meet with resistance from the higher system
that set the reference level for fog or no fog, sunshine or no sunshine, in
the first place. You will be using your own volition to cause arbitrary
changes that produce errors in your own control systems, which will resist
automatically. It is interesting that you can do this, of course. What is
volition, that it can attempt to create signals that oppose signals from
other control systems inside you?

Thank you for this and the rest of your mail.

Let me put your knowledge into my words. (I have not smoked since
1992.07.11, but I use a smoker as an example).

I am a smoker, I smoke cigarettes and almost always when I smoke a
cigarette, I feel very well in many ways. I like the smell and I like the
taste when I smoke. It means I have a high reference for the configurations
smell of tobacco and taste of tobacco.

When I wake up in the morning, I first urinate, then I perform gymnastics
for 20 minutes, then I start the coffee maker, shave myself and take a
shower, clothe myself and go and get the news paper, pour in my coffee,
place the newspaper on the table beside the coffee cup and sit myself, then
I lighten my cigarette and taste the coffee. I control this event every
morning. I don't feel anxious if there is no newspaper, but I don't feel
enjoyment in the same way as when the newspaper is delivered.

When I leave my home for my place of work, I start the car, fasten the
safety-belt and turn the first corner, then I lighten my cigarette and
continue. I control this event every time I start the car alone.

I can mention many events where lightening the cigarette is a climax.

Just before I get out of bed and just before I open the car door, I
imagine/remember the same events. I control the "similarity" relationship,
and I feel well when the events start up.

The reference value at the relationship level and the reference value at the
levels mentioned above comes from the program level or the level above them.
I am not particular conscious my control at the program level, but I am sure
I have different program controls and I feel well when the programs are
followed.

I am not quite sure why I control these Program levels perceptions, but I
think I am a "Smoker". I daily don't say to myself "I am a Smoker", but I am
sure I control the System Concept "I am a Smoker".

So when I one day say to myself. "This morning I cut out the smoke", or when
the car turns the corner and I say: "This time I shall not smoke the
cigarette", then my perception signals at the event level conduces to an
error at the event level and copies of this perceptual signal goes to the
relationship level and also here it arises an error signal.
A copy of the perceptual signal at relationship level goes to a Program
level input function and the perceptual signal at this level contributes to
an error from the comparator. And a copy of this perceptual signal goes to
an input function at the System Concept level. From here a Perceptual signal
contributes to an error at this level.

The output signals from all the levels mentioned above become reference
signals for levels below. It is difficult to say what happens, but my
control at the different levels are hindered. Maybe I become anxious, but I
am sure I don't feel very well.

No, it isn't easy to change the value of a reference signal _in a wanted
way_ by just saying No ..... when I control a perception at a lower level.

Maybe we some times have to move all the way to the System Concept level if
we are going to change our behavior. But it isn't predictable how the wires
become connected if we change for other perceptions at "the top level".

Well I think this was many words describing what we all knew.

bjorn

[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.21,14:30 EST)]

From Bill Powers (2005.06.19.0556 MDT)

No. If you do that, you will meet with resistance from the higher system
that set the reference level for fog or no fog, sunshine or no sunshine, in
the first place. You will be using your own volition to cause arbitrary
changes that produce errors in your own control systems, which will resist
automatically. It is interesting that you can do this, of course. What is
volition, that it can attempt to create signals that oppose signals from
other control systems inside you?

Volition is a difficult concept. And parents, teachers and coaches talk
about it as the simplest affairs in the world. Maybe they are correct. You
mention the concept in B:CP when you talk about awareness. And I agree that
we have to be aware of the same object we have as object for our volition.

Maybe volition is nothing special. Maybe volition is a result of a
perception. (All Behavior is a perception).

Some people are said to have a strength of will. Other people are said to be
lacking in the strength of will.
If a person is going to change the value of a reference at a level he
controls he will be met with resistance from the higher system that set the
reference value (as you said).
But somebody changes the value of reference very easy and observers say they
have a strength of will.

E.g.. Two boys who don't brush their teeth are asked to brush them four
times a day. The value for their tooth brushing reference is low or near
zero. They will increase the reference value.
The one boy wishes to brush his teeth four times a day and perceives the
event "first eat, then tooth brushing". The copies of these perceptual
signals go to a higher level where it may be met with resistance. After a
week he still doesn't brush his teeth.
The other boy wishes to get approval from his parents. When he is asked to
do something, he doesn't control for the perception he is asked to perceive.
He controls for the perception "I will get approval from my parents". This
is a perception he has controlled for in many years with success. And he
controls for this perception also this time. After a week he brushes his
teeth four times a day. People say he has a will of strength.

Maybe we become people with strength of will if we are able to control a
certain perception at a higher level.

bjorn

[From Bjorn Simonsen (2005.06.21,16:00 EST)]
from Jason Gosnell (2005.06.20.2005CST)

This seems to be the most critical thing to me. You can't really fool your
nervous system--not for long anyway.

I think _I_ misunderstand, but I will write abut how it is the easiest thing
in the world to fool our nervous system.
Maybe it is more correct for you to say that we can't really fool our
perceptions. We perceive what we perceive.

Our nervous system doesn't know anything, it just functions.

E.G. The brain functions because particular transmitters conduces to the
"transport" of neural signals. Acetylcholine is the prototype of many
diverse chemical substances that can be released from diverse nerves and
neurons in the brain as the all-important link in the signaling process.
Acetylcholine is released from the axon when the potential signal invades
the end of the axon. The acetylcholine crosses the synapse.
On the outside of the target neuron there are special proteins called
receptors. When the transmitter (acetylcholine) meet the receptor it is
formed a new chemical molecule of the two. This molecule opens the channels
for sodium or alternatively one of the other ions. The entry or exit of any
of these ions will be reflected in a transient change in potential
difference in the target cell. In turn, this change in potential difference
becomes just one of the many electrical signals conducted down the dendrites
toward the cell body.

Nicotine works as a transmitter (acetylcholine) on one type of receptors and
within 10 seconds of the first puff on a cigarette it reaches the brain. The
mimicry is more of a caricature than an emulation of the normal actions of
acetylcholine for two reasons. I will mention the first. The amount of
stimulation of the receptor is far greater than would normally be the case
for acetylcholine itself. The target neurons get used to these artificially
high levels of chemical and they cannot function normally with normal
amounts of acetylcholine. Therefore the smoker light up a cigarette because
the brain is signaling that its receptors need more stimulation.
I guess the person controls a certain perception at a high level. The
perceptual signal is too low because acetylcholine cant bring high enough
effect in the target dendrite. The perceptual signal becomes too low and the
comparator produces an error. This error will not go to zero and the person
feel not very well. He lights on a cigarette and the nicotine makes its job.

The brain is fooled.

bjorn